tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57592910272731028892024-03-12T22:20:16.827-04:00Harbor WatchSea Peach Bio/Tunicarium News Blog - Sea Peach Bio is a Marine Biology Research Resource in the Boston Area. We study the biology of marine invertebrate communities and monitor marine invasives in Bays from Cape Cod to Cape Ann. We have a Microscopy Facility in Newton Centre, describe our activities at www.seapeachbio.com, and curate an ascidian image library called Tunicarium at www.tunicarium.com. Please contact me at tomermak@rcn.com for more information.
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comBlogger37125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-50659051523198111312018-07-27T12:51:00.000-04:002018-07-27T12:48:49.108-04:00Monitoring Review 2015-17<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Highlights of the MacMillan Pier Visits</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">A few years ago during a monitoring trip to Provincetown, I took a tour of the 250 ft Pilgrim Monument (350 ft above the harbor) and climbed to the top to discover an outstanding view of the marina and harbor that gave a different perspective on the monitoring site. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The outer harbor has a deep channel 50 to 70 ft deep that curves around the west end of the Cape (Lands End), making Provincetown one of the deepest marine fishing harbors along the north Atlantic coast. The inner harbor is formed by a 2,500 foot long stone breakwater built by the Army Corps of Engineers in the early 1970's about 835 ft off the end of the Provincetown Wharf complex. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">View of Provincetown Harbor from Pilgrim Monument</span></b><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hJHJU-tMCCQ/WuI8j1mdYKI/AAAAAAAACUo/J5p-2r6aWawXa0c22Bq6mLqknlPX1ePvgCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_1615%2B%2BProvincetown%2BHarbor%2Bv1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1057" data-original-width="1600" height="261" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hJHJU-tMCCQ/WuI8j1mdYKI/AAAAAAAACUo/J5p-2r6aWawXa0c22Bq6mLqknlPX1ePvgCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_1615%2B%2BProvincetown%2BHarbor%2Bv1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">View of Provin</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">cetown Harbor and Wharf from the Pilgrim Monument. MacMillan Pier on the left, Fisherman's Wharf on the right. The stone breakbeakwater is seen beyond the end of the piers. Truro is seen a few miles across the harbor in the far background. The tip of Lands End is shown on the right.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">View of MacMillan Pier from Pilgrim Monument</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZLbqbUfGTCc/WuNJv246EuI/AAAAAAAACU4/p6q2Ifkr_XcTkmwVuxGikonlF7TNaCY5ACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_1620%2BMacMillan%2BPier%2Bfr%2BPilgrim%2BMonument%2Bv1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1600" height="250" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZLbqbUfGTCc/WuNJv246EuI/AAAAAAAACU4/p6q2Ifkr_XcTkmwVuxGikonlF7TNaCY5ACLcBGAs/s400/IMG_1620%2BMacMillan%2BPier%2Bfr%2BPilgrim%2BMonument%2Bv1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">MacMillan Pier showing the docks, fishing vessels, and tour boats. View from the Pilgrim Monument looking south. On the east side (left), two floating dock complexes are closest to shore followed by two finger piers near the end of the main pier. On the west side (right), a long row of tour boats line the pier. The ferry terminal to Boston is located at the end of the pier on the west side (right). <b> </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Both floating dock complexes are monitored each July and August for invasive species. The salinity and temperature are recorded and photographs are taken to document salient features. Salinity is typically fairly high and ranged from 31 to 35 parts per thousand between 2012 and 2017. Temperatures ranged from 22 to 27 degrees C (approximately 70 to 80 degrees F).</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Measuring Salinity on the North Floating Dock</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GWN44qWleZs/WuNNgcdn3NI/AAAAAAAACVE/FXB49j7Z88gktA1DCNBNi4u-Wa064YnYgCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_1797%2BTom%2BSalinity%2BMacMillan%2B2016%2Bv1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GWN44qWleZs/WuNNgcdn3NI/AAAAAAAACVE/FXB49j7Z88gktA1DCNBNi4u-Wa064YnYgCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_1797%2BTom%2BSalinity%2BMacMillan%2B2016%2Bv1.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Holding a refractometer toward the light to make a reading. Ready for monitoring with my checklist, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">thermometer, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">refractometer, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">camera, jeweler's loupes for magnifying, buckets, shallow pan for documentation, and small net for capturing crustaceans.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Ascidians</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">During the 2015-2017 summer seasons, the docks were inspected for invasive species in the MIMIC program </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(</span><a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2011/08/coast-watch-2011.html" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;" target="_blank">Coast Watch 2011</a><b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">,</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012/07/coast-watch-2012.html" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;" target="_blank">Coast Watch 2012</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">). The most abundant attached species were the colonial ascidians </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Botryllus</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Botrylloides</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Didemnum</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, and </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Diplosoma</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, and the solitary ascidian </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Styela.</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The one exception to the general abundance of ascidians was the rare ocurence of the solitary species </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Ascidiella aspersa</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, which has been periodically seen at low frequency in Provincetown (several years only 1 specimen), but not seen in 2017. Interestingly, the translucent solitary species </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Ciona intestinalis</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> and</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Molgula manhattensis,</i> cryptogenic species not included in the survey</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">have also been observed at low frequency whereas the colonial species and the solitary </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Styela</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> are common all over the marina. Perhaps these three translucent species are out-competed and crowded out by the colonial species which spread throughout the marina in the summer. Interestingly, <i>Molgula manhattensis</i> is abundant in Wellfleet marina, a location with very low species diversity and few colonial species of any kind. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Crustaceans</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">skeleton shrimp </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Caprella mutica</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> and the European </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">rock shrimp </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Paleomon elegans</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> were seen with low frequency. The skeleton shrimp prefers hydroids and algae like </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Ulva</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> in the more protected waters
near the pier and has been consistently observed since its disappearance after Hurricane Irene in August 2011. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The rock shrimp </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Paleomon</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> is easiest seen
in late summer when they have grown larger than </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Paleomonetes</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> shrimp and the blue bands on their legs are
prominently displayed. Unlike the other species in the program, <i>Paleomon</i> requires an active search for individuals by running a net along the sides of the floating docks where algae and hydroids are numerous and closely inspecting the shrimp for morphological features. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Algae</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Asian red alga </span><i>Grateloupia</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> has been a consistent member of the floating dock community albeit at relatively low frequency in comparison to other invasives. It is usually found on the same docks where <i>Codium</i> is located</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> near the pilings that hold the docks in place. An analysis of of the MIMIC data presented on the MORIS website for the distribution of <i>Grateloupia</i> along the MA/NH/ME coast indicates that it has not yet been reported yet at MIMIC sites north of Boston and has remained in southern New England since it was first observed in the Gulf of Maine in 2007. Other MA sites where it has been observed include the east end of the Cape Cod Canal at Sandwich, Onset and New Bedford on Buzzards Bay, and Fall River on the upper Naragansett Bay. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i style="text-align: justify;">Codium fragile</i><span style="text-align: justify;"> on Floating Dock </span></b></span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kPP5nDfpGCs/W0dNRjT15MI/AAAAAAAACas/iCbg1AGbr_g43Sz2qTAjl7myGYAQQXOLQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_1851%2Bv2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1056" data-original-width="1600" height="263" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kPP5nDfpGCs/W0dNRjT15MI/AAAAAAAACas/iCbg1AGbr_g43Sz2qTAjl7myGYAQQXOLQCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_1851%2Bv2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: justify;">A large clump of <i>Codium fragile</i> growing at the waterline on a polystyrene float under one of the secondary docks, </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Provincetown, July, 2016. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">The attachment site is clearly shown and there are no epiphytes growing on its surface. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i style="text-align: justify;">Grateloupia turuturu</i><span style="text-align: justify;"> on Floating Dock</span></b></span><br />
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aNc11GMKW3s/WwwtJX0nS3I/AAAAAAAACYE/2ozPjRmPA_sK2kbbNVUw0wGEQVpUAl-bQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2278%2BGrateloupe%2Bturuturu%2B2017%2Bv1%2Bv2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><i><img border="0" data-original-height="1123" data-original-width="1532" height="292" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aNc11GMKW3s/WwwtJX0nS3I/AAAAAAAACYE/2ozPjRmPA_sK2kbbNVUw0wGEQVpUAl-bQCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2278%2BGrateloupe%2Bturuturu%2B2017%2Bv1%2Bv2.jpg" width="400" /></i></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: justify;">A cluster of </span><i style="text-align: justify;">Grateloupia turuturu</i><span style="text-align: justify;"> growing on a floating dock right below the water line, Provincetown, August 2017.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Bryozoans</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">During the last 2 years,
the bryozoan <i>Bugula neritina</i> has remained a common species on the docks along with a newly identified invasive bryozoan <i>Tricellaria inopinata</i>. The bryozoan </span></span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Tricellaria</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> was first identified in Massachusetts in 2010 in Eel Pond, Woods Hole, lower Cape Cod (<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matthew_Johnston7/publication/276045140_Invasionsoft_A_web-enabled_tool_for_invasive_species_colonization_predictions/links/564c856108ae4ae893ba6b82.pdf" target="_blank">Johnson et al, 2012</a>) and was reported in the Gulf of Maine during the 2013 Rapid Assessment Survey (<a href="https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/vd/ras-2013-final.pdf" target="_blank">RAS</a>), where it was given the common name "unexpected bryozoan". I have seen <i>Tricellaria</i> since I started monitoring (unidentified beige bryozoan in my November 2012 <i>Bugula neritina</i> post (<a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012/11/mis-branching-bryozoan.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">MIS Branching Bryozoan</a>), but I only became aware that it was an invasive species in 2016. On the floating docks, <i>Bugula</i> and <i>Tricellaria</i> grow in the same niche and frequently cohabitate together. Last July, the colonies were typically only a few cm high and newly settled juveniles were common.</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> <i>Tricellaria</i> has a distinctly different microscopic growth pattern from other native, beige <i>Bugula</i> species (zooids point toward the anterior whereas they are alternately opposed to each other in Bugula). This pattern could be discerned in the lab under a dissecting microscope and can be seen at the docks with a 20x or 30x magnifying lens. During the summer of 2017, Tricellaria was particularly abundant and overgrew other species like the green algae <i>Ulva</i> and <i>Codium</i>. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In contrast to the branching bryozoa, the encrusting bryozoan <i>Membranipora membranacea</i> has not been seen much in Provincetown despite the expectation that it might be seen on a floating dock. The rare times it has been seen has been on kelp growing on the dock or plastic dock trim that was submerged in the water. The marina does not seem conducive to other encrusting bryozoans either, since the native encrusting broyzoans <i>Electra pilosa</i> and <i>Schizoporella unicornis</i>, are also rarely seen.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Bugula</i> and <i>Tricellaria G</i>rowing on Dock Float and Algae</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BQuOAePAGdE/Ww_2HTiK8TI/AAAAAAAACZg/DoCz44K0_To2SdBzznqeCImIw4QyUIwHQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2314%2BBugula%252C%2BTricellaria%252C%2BUlva%252C%2BBotrylloides%2Bv3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="1600" height="228" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BQuOAePAGdE/Ww_2HTiK8TI/AAAAAAAACZg/DoCz44K0_To2SdBzznqeCImIw4QyUIwHQCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2314%2BBugula%252C%2BTricellaria%252C%2BUlva%252C%2BBotrylloides%2Bv3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Purple <i>Bugula</i> and light beige <i>Tricellaria</i> growing with green alga <i>Ulva</i> and orange chain tunicate <i>Botrylloides</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">August, 2017</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Recently settled juvenile <i>Tricellaria</i> can be seen growing on the <i>Ulva</i> surfaces. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Closer View of <i>Bugula</i> and <i>Tricellaria</i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ifjv5eLThxk/Wwwu5_b_7oI/AAAAAAAACYQ/c2seROu1_tUP6Zrm69-CfjdcSkHMH1T9gCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2322%2BBugula%2Bneritina%2Bbotrylloides%2B2017%2Bv2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1122" data-original-width="1600" height="280" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ifjv5eLThxk/Wwwu5_b_7oI/AAAAAAAACYQ/c2seROu1_tUP6Zrm69-CfjdcSkHMH1T9gCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2322%2BBugula%2Bneritina%2Bbotrylloides%2B2017%2Bv2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A clump of </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Bugula</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> and </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Tricellaria</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> growing out from the dock float on a mass of undergrowth. The notched branches of <i>Bugula</i>, which </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">represent alternating left and right facing zooids, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">can be discerned at the outer edges of the bush.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Tricellaria</i> Overgowth on <i>Codium</i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Tricellaria</i> and <i>Neosiphonia</i> growing on <i>Codium</i> in an area of docks where <i>Codium</i> and <i>Grateloupia</i> are common, August 2017. Heavy growth on the base of <i>Codium</i> obscurs the holdfast and lower branches. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Marine Invasive Species in the MIMIC Program: </b><a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2011/08/coast-watch-2011.html" target="_blank">Coast Watch 2011</a><b>,</b> <a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012/07/coast-watch-2012.html" target="_blank">Coast Watch 2012</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Mathieson, AC, Dawes, CJ, Pederson, J, Gladych, RA, and Carlton, JT.</b> The Asian red seaweed <i>Grateloupia turuturu</i> (Rhodophyta) invades the Gulf of Maine. <a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10530-007-9176-z.pdf" target="_blank">Biol. Invasions 10: 985-988, 2008</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Johnson, CH, Winston, JE, and Woollacott, RM. </b>Western Atlantic introduction and persistence of the marine byrozoan <i>Tricellaria inopinata</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matthew_Johnston7/publication/276045140_Invasionsoft_A_web-enabled_tool_for_invasive_species_colonization_predictions/links/564c856108ae4ae893ba6b82.pdf" target="_blank">Aquatic Invasions 7: 295-303, 2012</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>RAS Report: </b><a href="https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/vd/ras-2013-final.pdf" target="_blank">Report on the 2013 Rapid Assessment Survey of Marine Species at New England Bays and Harbors</a><b>. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>MORIS:</b> <a href="http://maps.massgis.state.ma.us/map_ol/moris.php" target="_blank">CZM's Online Mapping Tool</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Tricellaria</i> Sighting in Provincetown, 2012:</b> <a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012/11/mis-branching-bryozoan.html" target="_blank">MIS Branching Bryozoan</a> </span></div>
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Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-66387244818480625732018-06-04T10:00:00.000-04:002018-06-04T10:30:47.810-04:00Native Ghost Anemone in Wellfleet<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Diadumene leucolena</i> on Docks in the North Marina</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">A few years ago, a second, larger anemone, </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Diadumene leucolena,</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> appeared at the Wellfleet marina and has remained on the north dock joining <i>Diadumene lineata</i>. The north marina is a protected, shallow estuary at the end of a creek that has limited species diversity. The north side of the dock sits on the tidal flat at low tide limiting marine growth to anemones like <i>D. lineata</i> and <i>D. leucolena</i>, the solitary tunicate <i>Molgula manhattensis</i>, and a few sponges and algae. Specimens of <i>Diadumene leucolena,</i> commonly known as the ghost anemone, are a pale beige color and </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">several times longer than wide </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">without colored stripes. They also form social groups on their own or sometimes mixed among groups of </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">D. lineata</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">.</span><br />
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<b style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Diadumene leucolena</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> on the North Dock at Wellfleet Marina</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Live <i>Diadumene leucolena</i> photographed off the north side of the floating dock in the north marina. Top, a group of 4 anemones right below the water line. Bottom, an enlargement of an individual anemone showing details of the tentacles and translucent body. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>NEMESIS: </b><a href="https://invasions.si.edu/nemesis/calnemo/SpeciesSummary.jsp?TSN=52749" target="_blank">The ghost anemone <i>Diadumene leucolena</i></a><i>. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"</span><em style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diadumene leucolena</em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> is commonly know</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">n as the Ghost Anemone because of its translucent white color. It is native to the East Coast of North America spanning from Georgia, USA to New Brunswick, Canada. It is known from estuaries and sheltered waters, where it grows on oysters, rocks, seaweeds, pilings, and floats. It can also occur in sheltered tide pools, and is especially tolerant of variable salinities."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Global Biodiversity Information Facility:</b> <a href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2257920" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><i>Diadumene leucolena</i> (Verrill, 1866)</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Harbor Watch Sep. 2013 post</span>:</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2011/12/striped-anemone-at-wellfleet-marina.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #e69138;">Striped Anemone's Life in Wellfleet</span>.</a> <i>In situ</i> photos of <i>Diadumene lineata</i>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Harbor Watch Dec. 2011 post: </b><a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2013/09/" target="_blank">Striped Anemone at Wellfleet Marina</a>. <i>In situ</i> and dissecting microscopic views of </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">D. lineata</i><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">. </span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">YouTube Video of <i>Diadumene leucolena</i>: </b><a href="https://youtu.be/RuDLOu6vhKM" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Ghost Anemone (<i>Diadumene leucolena</i>)</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. From Kevin Wilson. A ghost anemone in Kevin's Chesapeake Bay Oyster Reef Biotope aquarium. </span></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-65358954213682662372018-05-20T10:33:00.001-04:002018-05-20T18:31:31.057-04:00Floating Dock Videos<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Bugula</i>, <i>Grateloupia</i>, and <i>Bryopsis</i>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">During the summer of 2016, I tried my hand at making videos of species on the docks that are moving in time with the wave action. The live observation of some species just didn't seem to be realistically captured by a static image. I was surprised at the detail that was shown by a video in comparison to a photo, especially on a day when the water was choppy. Two of these videos featuring the invasive bryozoan <i>Bugula neritina</i>, the invasive Asian red alga <i>Grateloupia turuturu</i>, and the native green alga <i>Bryopsis plumosa</i> are shown below. <i>Bugula</i>, which occurs at relatively high frequency on the docks, and <i>Grateloupia</i>, which is seen at low frequency, have been consistent parts of the floating dock community since I started monitoring Provincetown. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Bryozoa and Algae at the Waterline</b></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz8FWI4yQr3qvFu0XWwZz_5kyLy3JsA8L6W4GhKqCMwgwuCUNxmPiUeZXiKfEXBNn5VzE8oeCsjq5LJUfZOYQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Floating dock species growing along the waterline. The purple bryozoan <i>Bugula neritina</i> (center) is flanked by the bryopsid green alga </span><em style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Bryopsis plumosa (left) </em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">and the red alga <i>Grateloupia turuturu</i> (right). A single solitary ascidian <i>Styela clava</i> with open siphons is seen in the center background. MacMillan Pier, 2016. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Asian Red Alga Waving with the Water Action</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Another group of the same species focusing on the movement of the Asian red alga <i>Grateloupia turuturu</i>. The soft, leafy structure of the fronds is displayed by its flexibility with the rhythmic surge of the water. The alga is growing among the purple </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Bugula neritina</i> and green </span><em style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Bryopsis plumosa</em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">. Red and green algae compete with tunicates, bryozoa, mussels, and hydroids for space along the waterline.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Since taking these videos, I searched YouTube for videos of these species and found several outstanding microscopic videos of feeding bryozoan zooids and bryozoan reproduction and development. These terrific videos are definitely worth viewing and are listed below the Links.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">MIS Branching Bryozoan:</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5759291027273102889#editor/target=post;postID=6633051661131355712;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=23;src=postname" target="_blank"><i>Bugula neritina</i></a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Branching Bryzoan and Red Alga: </b> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5759291027273102889#editor/target=post;postID=307784535642049843;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=22;src=postname" target="_blank"><i>Bugula neritina</i> and <i>Neosiphonia harveyi</i></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b>Includes more information about <i>Bugula</i> and </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">a photo of </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Grateloupia turuturu</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> from MacMillan Wharf.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Mathieson, A.C., Dawes, C.J., Pederson J., Gladych R.A. and Carlton J.T. </b><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10530-007-9176-z.pdf" target="_blank">The Asian red seaweed <i>Grateloupia turuturu</i> (Rhodophyta) invades the Gulf of Maine. </a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Coast Watch 2012: </b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5759291027273102889#editor/target=post;postID=5555510571285036541;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=28;src=postname" target="_blank">Marine Invasives Overview</a>. Shows all 11 species on the MIMIC list including <i>Bugula neritina</i> and <i>Grateloupia turuturu</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Floating Dock Bryopsid Green Alga:</b><b> </b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5759291027273102889#editor/target=post;postID=649435084551146419;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=21;src=postname" target="_blank"><i>Bryopsis plumosa</i></a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>YOUTUBE VIDEOS:</b></span><br />
<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Short Video of <i>Bugula</i> Zooids: </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://youtu.be/qx0kA8LJNvc" target="_blank">Briozous<i> (Bugula neritina)</i></a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">. From Eric Badosa. Microscopic close-ups of feeding zooids featuring upbeat music.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Excellent Video of Feeding <i>Bugula</i> Zooids:</b> <a href="https://youtu.be/UBORTwf9Pyo" target="_blank">Bugula</a>. From Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory. Silent Video.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Educational Video Showing Development of Embryos:</b> <a href="https://youtu.be/FcvqEsLb23s" target="_blank">Bugula neritina - the life cycle of a marine bryozoan</a>. From Alvaro Migotto. Labeled, fast motion, microscopic live action featuring pleasant background music.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sperm Release in a Bryozoid:</b> <a href="https://youtu.be/cLgyBaR3zAY" target="_blank">Through the tips of Tentacles</a>. From Alvaro Migotto. Fascinating video showing ciliated tentacles and release of spermatozoa from the tips. </span></div>
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Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-49773998081943627032018-05-10T10:03:00.000-04:002018-05-10T10:03:03.015-04:00Microscopic Photo Acccessory<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">Cell Phone Macro Lens Attachment</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">In a previous post, I wrote about the advantages of using jeweler's loupes in the 20-40X range to identify species when anatomical structure cannot been determined with the naked eye. Since then, I always have taken along my 20X and 30X lenses to view the microstructure of colonial ascidians, bryozoans, red algae, and small crustaceans. One of the disadvantages of the jeweler's loupe is that, although they are terrific for identifying and recording, they do not provide satisfactory in-focus images for documentation. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Last fall, I had the opportunity to try a macro lens mobile phone attachment for my iPhone 6s, the olloclip Macro for 6/6s, which offers a 7x, 14x, and 21x lens adapter. It proved valuable for producing quality in-focus images worthy of cataloging with the caveat that numerous, multiple images need to be taken to get suitable photos. The focal plane is fairly narrow, so the camera needs to be held at the exact distance from the object, and any movement will give an out-of-focus image. Ideally, structures with three dimensional features will have in-focus features in the center and out-of-focus features around the periphery. The seawater around the subject also needs to be shallow so the camera lens can get close enough to the object to obtain focus such as in a shallow tray. It is best to have the subjects as close to the surface as possible without disrupting the smooth surface level. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Olloclip Macro Lens Attachment</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e-TjOezd-IQ/Wtyz26xYv9I/AAAAAAAACTM/LXUprNMYJnsBaBa4PFJQHD6pxIjNrVPZwCLcBGAs/s1600/91dedb82f1c6706a0717fea279d189a5%2BOlloclip%2BMacro%2BAttchmnt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="750" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e-TjOezd-IQ/Wtyz26xYv9I/AAAAAAAACTM/LXUprNMYJnsBaBa4PFJQHD6pxIjNrVPZwCLcBGAs/s200/91dedb82f1c6706a0717fea279d189a5%2BOlloclip%2BMacro%2BAttchmnt.jpg" width="200" /></a> <a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B7sV6f5qNtc/Wtyz_CCTrbI/AAAAAAAACTQ/Q3lGOlzvRewqYg7vh-RNTjgUkyYPAonvwCLcBGAs/s1600/8fdd4f0c4aaae9a9e2087f16d065087e%2BOlloclip%2BMacro%2Bon%2BiPhone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="750" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B7sV6f5qNtc/Wtyz_CCTrbI/AAAAAAAACTQ/Q3lGOlzvRewqYg7vh-RNTjgUkyYPAonvwCLcBGAs/s200/8fdd4f0c4aaae9a9e2087f16d065087e%2BOlloclip%2BMacro%2Bon%2BiPhone.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">These images show the Olloclip Macro lens attachments for the iPhone 7/8 Series. The adapter has a 2 piece 7x and 14x (7x + 2x) lens on one side, and a single 21x objective lens on the other side </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(a single 15x Macro lens is available for the iPhone X).</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Note that the case must be removed in order to place the adapter on the camera lens. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">These lenses were useful for approximating images possible by a stereoscopic light microscope. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Macro Images of <i>Botrylloides violaceus</i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m_g0bavSzwU/Wt9jNm4r-fI/AAAAAAAACTk/ESVbt4v6HvgK19okarjo4_lIV76eZK95wCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2408%2BOlloclip%2BBotrylloides%2Bv3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1144" data-original-width="1600" height="285" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m_g0bavSzwU/Wt9jNm4r-fI/AAAAAAAACTk/ESVbt4v6HvgK19okarjo4_lIV76eZK95wCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2408%2BOlloclip%2BBotrylloides%2Bv3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QwtAjMTPVYU/Wt9j1_xwqUI/AAAAAAAACTw/eYj0eyxqvvk1VRbS7MHzFzxF5UX1d0XIACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2377%2BOlloclip%2BBotrylloides%2Boof%2Bcrust%2Bv2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="820" data-original-width="1600" height="205" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QwtAjMTPVYU/Wt9j1_xwqUI/AAAAAAAACTw/eYj0eyxqvvk1VRbS7MHzFzxF5UX1d0XIACLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2377%2BOlloclip%2BBotrylloides%2Boof%2Bcrust%2Bv2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Macro images of </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Botrylloides violaceus</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> collected from the floating docks at MacMillan Pier, November, 2017 showing chains of orange zooids against a contrasting dark background. Numerous incurrent siphons and several shared excurrent siphons are evident. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Also shown are orange ampullae of the blood vessel system in the common tunic. Images were e</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">dited with Photoshop by cropping and slightly adjusting brightness and contrast.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Enlarged Macro Images of <i>Botrylloides violaceus</i></b></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e9nGNq88crE/Wt9k4rHbX7I/AAAAAAAACUA/9lZ1j0aF46oZ3ulXtbLAVwOtpcOzTIe4ACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2379%2BOlloclip%2BBotrylloides%2Bv2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1246" data-original-width="1600" height="311" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e9nGNq88crE/Wt9k4rHbX7I/AAAAAAAACUA/9lZ1j0aF46oZ3ulXtbLAVwOtpcOzTIe4ACLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2379%2BOlloclip%2BBotrylloides%2Bv2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-c2F8iCgXHh4/WuHoaw0SSJI/AAAAAAAACUY/N-7q-EZYDvoDXrPLupMq7s81uPBS014ygCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2380%2BOlloclip%2BBotrylloides%2B1%2Bv3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="948" data-original-width="1096" height="345" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-c2F8iCgXHh4/WuHoaw0SSJI/AAAAAAAACUY/N-7q-EZYDvoDXrPLupMq7s81uPBS014ygCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2380%2BOlloclip%2BBotrylloides%2B1%2Bv3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Enlarged macro images of <i>Botrylloides violaceus</i> collected from the floating docks at MacMillan Pier. In the upper photo, the solid orange endostyle can be discerned on a few zooids. These photos were more cropped and resized, giving an enlargement effect. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>LINKS:</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Olloclip Macro Lens for iPhone available from Apple or online retailers:</b> </span><b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </b><a href="https://www.apple.com/shop/product/HKSY2ZM/A/olloclip-macro-pro-lens-set-for-iphone-7-iphone-7-plus" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Apple adapter for iPhone 7/8</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Adapter for iPhone 6/6s being phased out. A 10x + 15x macro lens pair also available as part of a 4-in-1 lens.</span><br />
<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Olloclip Macro Lens for iPhone X: </b><a href="https://www.olloclip.com/shop/shop/fisheye-macro-15x-lens-x/" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Fisheye + Macro 15x Lens</a><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Review of the Olloclip 4-in-1 Wide-Angle/Macro Lens:</b> <a href="https://9to5mac.com/2014/12/22/review-olloclip-4-in-1-lens-for-iphone-6/" target="_blank">https://9to5mac.com/2014/12/22/review-olloclip-4-in-1-lens-for-iphone-6/</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Olloclip Macro Lens Introduced: </b><a href="https://www.olloclip.com/blog/macro-3-in-1-lens/" target="_blank">Macro 3-in-1 lens</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Helpful Monitoring Accessories:</b> <a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2011/11/helpful-monitoring-accessories.html" target="_blank">Jeweler's Loupe for Specimen Identification</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Tunicarium:</b> <a href="http://www.tunicarium.com/Botrylloides.html" target="_blank">Microscopic images of <i>Botrylloides violaceus</i></a>.</span></div>
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Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-17037038205745939022018-04-20T12:37:00.000-04:002018-05-08T15:28:39.513-04:00Spring 2018 at MacMillan Pier<span style="font-size: x-large;">Overwintering Floating docks</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Farewell to the Winter of 2017-18. My blog has been on break since January 2014, but summer monitoring in Provincetown and Wellfleet has continued each year on schedule. In the months ahead, I'll review the highlights of the last few seasons and discuss some of the current issues being considered</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">for the marine invasives program. In early April, I visited the McMillan Pier and was able to photograph some of the changes in the configuration of the floating docks during winter's off-season. Below is a series of photos of the two floating dock complexes and a third finger pier on the east side of the main pier. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>First Floating Dock Out of Service</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A6PvjYyEdeE/WtDP5rYy-mI/AAAAAAAACQ0/PouNGVEQolMV8bjKB8v-uAo0SsfBUmnKACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2511%2BMacMillan%2BPier%2BApril%2B2018%2Bv3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A6PvjYyEdeE/WtDP5rYy-mI/AAAAAAAACQ0/PouNGVEQolMV8bjKB8v-uAo0SsfBUmnKACLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2511%2BMacMillan%2BPier%2BApril%2B2018%2Bv3.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Floating dock complex nearest shore on the east side of the Pier. Most of the <a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2013/07/summer-monitoring-in-provincetown.html" target="_blank">seasonal docks</a> on the north side (including the dinghy dock), which have no securing pilings, have been removed or moved parallel to the main dock. No commercial vessels moor on this side of the dock, which is reserved for small boats and skiffs. Several of the secondary docks for the berths on the south side as well as the gangway from the pier have been removed (see below), preventing vessels from docking.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Several Secondary Docks Removed During Winter</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cJNa5fztpns/WtIohFyQBpI/AAAAAAAACRE/hSgK7uO36_4GW4xNFIXriqlLxRKvmRWpgCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2513%2BMacMillan%2BPier%2B2018%2B40pct.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cJNa5fztpns/WtIohFyQBpI/AAAAAAAACRE/hSgK7uO36_4GW4xNFIXriqlLxRKvmRWpgCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2513%2BMacMillan%2BPier%2B2018%2B40pct.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Several secondary docks on the south side of the primary dock have been removed leaving their securing pilings behind. While out of the water, the polyethylene floats can be thoroughly cleaned, which will provide a clean surface for settling plants and animals once the docks are back in the water. The docks sit fairly low in the water so the the sides of the floats on docks still in the water can also be cleaned in place. In April, the docks were home to numerous seagulls, so there will be plenty of clean-up to perform in preparation for the summer fishing and boating season.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Second Floating Dock Complex In Service</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bv65gXVL86k/WtIubMkO1SI/AAAAAAAACRU/CPOEnKKFMp0R_yV4KfCVIGRvOugrQAuUQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2514%2BMacMillan%2BDock2%2Bv2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="1600" height="247" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bv65gXVL86k/WtIubMkO1SI/AAAAAAAACRU/CPOEnKKFMp0R_yV4KfCVIGRvOugrQAuUQCLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2514%2BMacMillan%2BDock2%2Bv2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Second floating dock complex, which has berthing spaces on both sides of the main floating dock, has most of the secondary docks in place (a few are missing on the south side) and a functional gangway from the pier (see below). During the summer, invasive seaweeds are common on these docks (the green alga <i>Codium</i> and red alga <i>Grateloupe</i>).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Finger Pier with No Floating Docks</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R0CCDtMSeRk/WtIyVsTNV7I/AAAAAAAACRs/XDaPQZ3dercQQ3bR6sg2__1FpnS3sY22ACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2518%2BMacMillan%2BFishing%2BDock%2Bv3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R0CCDtMSeRk/WtIyVsTNV7I/AAAAAAAACRs/XDaPQZ3dercQQ3bR6sg2__1FpnS3sY22ACLcBGAs/s400/IMG_2518%2BMacMillan%2BFishing%2BDock%2Bv3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The first of two finger piers on the east side of MacMillan pier is a permanent structure at the same height as the main pier and has no floating docks. It is reserved for larger commercial vessels in the marina. Access to the vessels is gained by wood ladders on the side of the pier. This dock is not monitored for invasives, which are attached to the pilings below the low tide level and are accessible only by diving. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">ADDITIONAL IMAGES:</b></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Satellite View of Pier Similar to April Visit</span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZoZcM3fGppU/WtN13UrdG8I/AAAAAAAACR8/G0pHpS8-uzoE7KxxkqpeeNqWpb8CLMcWwCLcBGAs/s1600/2018-04-15_10-51-39%2BSatellite%2BOff%2BSeason%2Bview%2Bof%2BMacMillan%2BPier%2B2018.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="805" height="219" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZoZcM3fGppU/WtN13UrdG8I/AAAAAAAACR8/G0pHpS8-uzoE7KxxkqpeeNqWpb8CLMcWwCLcBGAs/s320/2018-04-15_10-51-39%2BSatellite%2BOff%2BSeason%2Bview%2Bof%2BMacMillan%2BPier%2B2018.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Missing Gangway to First Floating Dock</span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XYmh6q30W_I/WtN6eYHO8RI/AAAAAAAACSc/KLO-6MJ5Zo8rlzOCaPzzlS1mf5O6D8G4QCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2552%2BMissing%2BGangway%2BDock%2B1%2Bv2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1054" data-original-width="1600" height="210" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XYmh6q30W_I/WtN6eYHO8RI/AAAAAAAACSc/KLO-6MJ5Zo8rlzOCaPzzlS1mf5O6D8G4QCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_2552%2BMissing%2BGangway%2BDock%2B1%2Bv2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gangway to Second Floating Dock</span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gD3IJDJ3Yak/WtN4o-grKnI/AAAAAAAACSQ/QWiwF-HYprg3s8ZeJrdLf4oWdaNIa_JkACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2538%2BGangway%2Bto%2BDock%2B2%2Bv2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="1404" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gD3IJDJ3Yak/WtN4o-grKnI/AAAAAAAACSQ/QWiwF-HYprg3s8ZeJrdLf4oWdaNIa_JkACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_2538%2BGangway%2Bto%2BDock%2B2%2Bv2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(See also MacMillan Pier Images in the Sidebar).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>LINKS:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Summer at MacMillan Pier:</b> <a href="https://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2013/07/summer-monitoring-in-provincetown.html" target="_blank">Photos of Floating Dock Complexes</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Winter at MacMillan Pier:</b> <a href="http://iamprovincetown.com/favorites/PtownWinter.html" target="_blank">I am Provincetown</a></span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_tOx3TXZgOM/WtdumLtkI8I/AAAAAAAACSs/Udq9fnBLADErB4L56QDzhfDTbu9mbBgjACLcBGAs/s1600/ProvincetownWinter5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="133" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_tOx3TXZgOM/WtdumLtkI8I/AAAAAAAACSs/Udq9fnBLADErB4L56QDzhfDTbu9mbBgjACLcBGAs/s200/ProvincetownWinter5.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Town of Provincetown Harbor and Pier Website:</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><a href="https://www.provincetown-ma.gov/index.aspx?NID=79" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Harbor and Pier Homepage</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Town of Provincetown Harbor Rgulations and Documents:</b> <a href="https://www.provincetown-ma.gov/DocumentCenter/View/218" target="_blank">Harbor, MacMillan Pier, and Mooring Regulations.</a></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-onTsW5h15Cw/WtoUTOgmmGI/AAAAAAAACS8/nDpQkrUrjecHfOgAy4hhg4GJWBMBPUC4wCLcBGAs/s1600/2018-04-20_9-45-08%2BPtown%2BHarbor%2BRegulations%2BTitle%2Bpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="565" height="153" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-onTsW5h15Cw/WtoUTOgmmGI/AAAAAAAACS8/nDpQkrUrjecHfOgAy4hhg4GJWBMBPUC4wCLcBGAs/s200/2018-04-20_9-45-08%2BPtown%2BHarbor%2BRegulations%2BTitle%2Bpg.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-65787164657492654712013-12-31T09:28:00.000-05:002018-05-15T11:45:24.976-04:00Sea Stars at MacMillan Wharf<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Grazing the Pilings and Harbor Floor</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sea stars are not usually seen on the floating docks, but this summer when I visited the marina at low tide, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the docks had lowered on the pilings to the upper subtidal zone. On my last visit, I encountered several sea stars crawling over marine life on the pilings. From the morphology, coloration of the madreporite, and size, they appeared to be <em>Asterias forbesi</em>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sea stars prey on mussels and other species on the pilings and harbor floor. When feeding on a mussel, the sea star attaches its tube feet to each shell and exerts force to separate them slightly. A tug of war ensues, and only a small gap is sufficient for the sea star to insert a fold of its stomach and start digesting the body. When the mussel is sufficiently digested, the sea star brings its stomach back into its body with the food inside. The sea star has a well-developed sense of smell and can detect the odor of mussels and crawl towards them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sea stars are able to move around via a water vascular system of tube feet that act as suction cups </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">to walk over the surface or pull prey into the mouth. The tube feet are located on the ventral surface and the water intake structure, called a madreporite, is located on the dorsal surface.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN"><strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Docks and Pilings at MacMillan </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wharf</span></strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LpmfKC_oHf4/UsCyYQsYJWI/AAAAAAAACIY/o1YZoBixpaI/s1600/IMG_1407+McMillan+Wharf+Dock&Piling.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LpmfKC_oHf4/UsCyYQsYJWI/AAAAAAAACIY/o1YZoBixpaI/s1600/IMG_1407+McMillan+Wharf+Dock&Piling.JPG" width="240" /></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"><span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Docks slide up and down on the pilings as the tide rises and lowers about 10 feet. Permanent growth of most algae and invertebrates can only be sustained below the low tide line.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>Sea Star Near the Water Line of a MacMillan Wharf Piling</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ODaOZ_EFfoU/UsCzhU492EI/AAAAAAAACIg/c0us_LsBBcw/s1600/Asterias+no1+edit2+PICT0156.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ODaOZ_EFfoU/UsCzhU492EI/AAAAAAAACIg/c0us_LsBBcw/s1600/Asterias+no1+edit2+PICT0156.jpg" width="400" /></a> </div>
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<span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The center of the sea star is raised up as though it is feeding on a prey, or it is about to feed on the mussel wedged between two arms. When the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">sea star was lifted, it was not feeding on another meal, so perhaps is was headed towards the mussel.</span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN"><strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dorsal Surface of the Sea Star <em>Asterias forbesi</em></span></strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vRzBr4ZzZOE/UsC3Nje_m0I/AAAAAAAACI8/bINtV3-6zOU/s1600/Asterias+edit2+PICT0158.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vRzBr4ZzZOE/UsC3Nje_m0I/AAAAAAAACI8/bINtV3-6zOU/s1600/Asterias+edit2+PICT0158.jpg" width="317" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN">Dorsal surface of the same <em>Asterias</em> showing the red madreporite and numerous spines covering the arms.</span></div>
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<strong>Ventral <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Surface of the Sea Star Star <em>Asterias forbesi</em></span></strong><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1IeuyUaVvyA/UsC23KUR_aI/AAAAAAAACI0/YOGxTxejz-U/s1600/Asterias+edit2+PICT0161.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="398" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1IeuyUaVvyA/UsC23KUR_aI/AAAAAAAACI0/YOGxTxejz-U/s1600/Asterias+edit2+PICT0161.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: blue;"></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ventral surface of the same sea star showing<span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></span>the mouth and radiating<span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></span>rows of tube feet.<span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></span>The outline of the tube feet can clearly be seen in the shadow of the upper arm.</span></div>
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<strong>Sea Star Righting Itself after Being Place on its Ventral Surface</strong><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue;"></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HIhEfdMFu5Y/UsC2nXJMXzI/AAAAAAAACIs/ezrGFO-yFe4/s1600/Asterias+edit2+PICT0162.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HIhEfdMFu5Y/UsC2nXJMXzI/AAAAAAAACIs/ezrGFO-yFe4/s1600/Asterias+edit2+PICT0162.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Sea stars can rapidly right<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> themselves by flipping over using their tube feet and flexible bodies. This photo was taken 1-2 minutes after the photo above.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>LINKS:</strong></span> </div>
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<strong>Echinoblog: </strong><a href="http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/2009/04/what-and-how-do-starfish-eat-part-1.html" target="_blank">Feeding: What and How do Starfish Eat.</a></div>
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<strong>Echinoblog:</strong> <a href="http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/2011/01/secrets-of-starfish-sieve-plate.html" target="_blank">Madreporite and Water Vascular System</a><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6m8CgNs4dp0/UsDF7f9WMTI/AAAAAAAACJk/dfTPBXs8zl8/s1600/WaterVascularSystem+Echinoblog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6m8CgNs4dp0/UsDF7f9WMTI/AAAAAAAACJk/dfTPBXs8zl8/s1600/WaterVascularSystem+Echinoblog.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN"><strong>Global Biodiversity Information Facility:</strong> <a href="http://www.gbif.org/species/5187514" target="_blank">GBIF.ORG: Asterias forbesi (Desor, 1848)</a></span></div>
</span></span></span></span>Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-39056727437313421402013-11-30T13:05:00.000-05:002013-12-02T13:42:33.877-05:00Caprellid Amphipods Return to Docks<span style="font-size: large;"><strong><em>Caprella mutica</em> back in Provincetown after Hurricane Irene</strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After Hurricane Irene passed through New England in late
August, 2011, much of the growth on the docks at MacMillan Wharf was washed
away, particularly delicate algae and invertebrates. One species that I failed
to see in the following days and month was the amphipod <em>Caprella mutica</em>, also called the Japanese skeleton shrimp, which was
observed fairly commonly on the docks earlier in 2011.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In 2012, <em>Caprella</em> had not re-established itself during my summer monitoring, but
this year, groups of <em>Caprella</em> were found during July and August at several locations on the
docks. Most of the caprellids were attached to bushy
hydroids and were not commonly observed on other filamentous (e.g., algae) or bushy
species (e.g., bryozoa).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">My observations motivated a visit to the CZM MORIS website where species maps can be created for MIS species in previous years. Confirming my previous observations, sighting of <em>Caprella mutica</em> decreased at different moriting sites from Narragansett Bay to Wells, Maine. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Groups of <em>Caprella mutica</em> living on branched hydroids </span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Populations of <em>Caprella</em> attached by their hind legs crawl over branched hydroids. Larger males and a few smaller females with mid-body brooding pouches can be identified. </span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Caprella mutica</em> MIMIC sightings in 2011 and 2012</span></strong> </div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--tarz4-6AOs/UpjwtEpMV0I/AAAAAAAACGc/Hvih0RQ_FzQ/s1600/MIMIC+2011+Caprella+mutica+11-27-2013+11-52-08+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--tarz4-6AOs/UpjwtEpMV0I/AAAAAAAACGc/Hvih0RQ_FzQ/s1600/MIMIC+2011+Caprella+mutica+11-27-2013+11-52-08+AM.jpg" height="400" width="350" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kv1SsCSJab0/Upjw42tCH5I/AAAAAAAACGk/3cNjzNbpDLg/s1600/MIMIC+2012+Caprella+mutica+11-27-2013+11-55-21+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kv1SsCSJab0/Upjw42tCH5I/AAAAAAAACGk/3cNjzNbpDLg/s1600/MIMIC+2012+Caprella+mutica+11-27-2013+11-55-21+AM.jpg" height="400" width="350" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MORIS website-generated map of the locations where populations of <em>Caprella mutica</em> were found during invasive species monitoring in 2011 (top) and 2012 (bottom). <em>Caprella </em>sightings decreased by about one-third. No reports were made in 2012 in Narragansett Bay, Buzzards Bay, or Cape Cod Bay, and fewer sightings were reported in Salem Sound. Website: <a href="http://maps.massgis.state.ma.us/map_ol/moris.php" target="_blank">MORIS: CZM’s Online Mapping Tool</a>. Credit: "Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM), Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs." </span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LINKS:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Harbor Watch: </strong><a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012/07/coast-watch-2012.html" target="_blank">Coastwatch 2012</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>"<a href="http://www.qc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/publications/envahissant-invasive/images/large/caprelle_eng.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color: #cc3300;">Caprella mutica</span></a></em> (Caprellid amphipod a.k.a. skeleton shrimp) - Very common living on algae and bryozoa. These small amphipods look and act like miniature preying mantis. They hold tight to surfaces and do not "swim around" like typical amphipods and shrimp." </span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9eEwbUHWRNU/T-Tfcz9jrYI/AAAAAAAAAlQ/wqocf98_gPU/s1600/caprelle_eng.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9eEwbUHWRNU/T-Tfcz9jrYI/AAAAAAAAAlQ/wqocf98_gPU/s200/caprelle_eng.jpg" height="185" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Pappal, A, Pederson, J, and Smith JP. </strong></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://seagrant.mit.edu/publications/MITSG_05-3.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: #cc3300;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Marine Invaders in the Northeast. Rapid Assessment Survey of Non-native and Native Marine Species of Floating Dock Communities.</span></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM):</strong> <a href="http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/" target="_blank">Home page</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>CZM -</strong> <a href="http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/aquatic-invasive-species/" target="_blank">Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Program</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>MORIS</strong>: <a href="http://maps.massgis.state.ma.us/map_ol/moris.php" target="_blank">CZM’s Online Mapping Tool</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>WILD Shores of Singapore: </strong><a href="http://wildshores.blogspot.com/2013/02/workshop-on-bryozoans-and-hydroids-29.html" target="_blank">Workshop on Bryozoans and Hydroids: 29 April- 4 May, 2013</a>. "Tiny skeleton shrimps are commonly seen on some hydroids!" </span>Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-4022963952964118322013-10-31T20:23:00.000-04:002013-11-01T07:55:58.579-04:00Floating Dock Mussel Beds<span style="font-size: x-large;">Provincetown Mussels and Ascidians</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I've been monitoring floating docks at MacMillan Wharf in Provincetown for a few years now, and each </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">season has been slightly different and yet broadly similar regarding the associations of different species. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the abundant species in the marina is the common blue mussel, <em>Mytilus edulis</em>. It is abundant under the floats and variable in number on the sides depending on competition with other species and cleaning activities by marina personnel. Each Spring, cleaned float surfaces provide opportunities for larval settlement. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Mytilus</em> normally lives on rocky shores in the intertidal zone attached to rocks and other hard substrates by strong, somewhat elastic structures called <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">byssal threads. These threads are</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> secreted by byssal glands located in the foot of the mussel. The mussels are firmly attached, but they have </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the ability to detach and reattach to the substrate allowing them to reposition themselves relative to their neighbors. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They are usually found </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">clumping</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> together on wave-washed rocks, which </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">helps hold the mussels firmly on the rocks against the force of the waves. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When the mussel larva first settles, it first secretes a thin shell and then develops an elongated foot with byssal glands.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> If the substrate is suitable, it will metamorphoses into a juvenile form and attach byssal threads. This attachment is a prerequisite </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">for the foundation of the blue mussel population. On the sides of the Provincetown docks, large numbers of mussels will often settle on a clean surface and form masses of juvenile mussels which are striking because most of the individuals are about the same size, indicating that </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">they settled around the same period of time. These juvenile beds are apparently seasonal, because the beds do not mature over winter, and new beds of young mussels are seen the next Spring. </span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mussels can move
slowly by extending a byssal thread, using it as an anchor and then shortening
it. A thread is formed by the foot by creating </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN;">a vacuum at the contact site and secreting a foamy mixture of proteins into the formed chamber, producing sticky threads about the size of a human hair.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mussels and ascidians</span> frequent colonize together on floating docks, ropes, and fishing gear. Ascidians compete for substrate, limiting colonization by mussels, and colonial ascidians will grow over the surface of the shell, limiting growth and food supply. Co-colonization and competition of ascidians with mussels has had an impact on mussel aquaculture </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">throughout the northeast.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Juvenile Mussels Beds on the Sides of Floating Dock</strong></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>s</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NSC0K8htwSc/Um_QhGO6HeI/AAAAAAAACEQ/AolySNe2_08/s1600/PICT0125+Mytilus+edulis+floating+dock+bed+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="277" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NSC0K8htwSc/Um_QhGO6HeI/AAAAAAAACEQ/AolySNe2_08/s1600/PICT0125+Mytilus+edulis+floating+dock+bed+crop.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mussel beds of young <em>Mytilus edulis</em> on the sides of floating docks at MacMillan Wharf, Provincetown, August, 2013. Individual mussels averaged about 1-1.5 cm long. In July, the mussels were covered by the colonial ascidian <em>Diplosoma listerianum</em> (which was extremely abundant), but most mussels were clean in August. The soft ascidians were presumable removed by predation, an idea support by the observation in August of torn sections of <em>Diplosoma </em>colonies pulled off the substrate. In these photos, small colonies of orange <em>Botylloides violaceus</em> and green-grey <em>Diplosoma</em> can be seen at the water surface, and two small colonies of <em>Botryllus schlosseri</em> (star tunicates) can seen deeper in the water in the top photo. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Images in this post were taken with a 14 megapixel camera and can be enlarged without losing detail by zooming into the photo).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Mixed Floating Dock Communities of Mussels, Colonial Asicidans, and Algae</strong></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CZkXct5_I5w/Um_RuSwLdNI/AAAAAAAACEg/2ANSFT0UcSM/s1600/PICT0098+Diplosoma+Botrylloides+Botryllus+Neosiphonia+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="193" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CZkXct5_I5w/Um_RuSwLdNI/AAAAAAAACEg/2ANSFT0UcSM/s1600/PICT0098+Diplosoma+Botrylloides+Botryllus+Neosiphonia+crop.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dwvdsLHi1io/Um_Sg5fbqCI/AAAAAAAACEo/Mez5SRTLIFQ/s1600/PICT0100+Btorylloides+Botryllus+Bugula+Ulva+Neosiphonia+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dwvdsLHi1io/Um_Sg5fbqCI/AAAAAAAACEo/Mez5SRTLIFQ/s1600/PICT0100+Btorylloides+Botryllus+Bugula+Ulva+Neosiphonia+crop.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Botrylloides violaceus</em>, green algae (<em>Ulva</em>), red algae (<em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em>), bryozoans (<em>Bugula neritina</em>), and other ascidians (<em>Botryllus schlosseri, Diplosoma listerianum, Didemnum vexillum</em>) form a colorful blend of species along with mussels. Green-gray areas in top photo are <em>Diplosoma.</em> Milky white areas in both photos are probably <em>Didemnum</em>.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Mussels and Orange Colonial Ascidians Cohabitate Hanging Ropes</strong></span> </div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gCwBkazqVbE/UnD2taZdsyI/AAAAAAAACE4/jEfAIxlV4uo/s1600/PICT0104+orange+Botrylloides+Mussels+on+Rope+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gCwBkazqVbE/UnD2taZdsyI/AAAAAAAACE4/jEfAIxlV4uo/s400/PICT0104+orange+Botrylloides+Mussels+on+Rope+crop.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Outside the juvenile beds, mussels grow and mature in small groups along with ascidians, especially <em>Botrylloides violaceus.</em> Growth can become so extensive that the colony forms orange "hanging gardens."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>LINKS:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>A Snails Oddessy: Learn about Mussels. </strong><a href="http://www.asnailsodyssey.com/LEARNABOUT/MUSSEL/mussAnch.php" target="_blank">Anchoring.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Van Winkle, W. Effect of environmental factors on byssal thread formation.</strong> <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00354918" target="_blank">Marine Biology 7: 143-148, 1970.</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Lane, DJW, AR Beaumont, and JR Hunter. Byssus drifting and the drifting threads of the young post-larval mussel Mytilus edulis.</strong> <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00392500#" target="_blank">Marine Biology 84: 301-308, 1985.</a></span></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-42057971740047684302013-09-30T20:30:00.000-04:002013-09-30T20:30:06.916-04:00Striped Anemone's Life in Wellfleet<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Surviving Adverse Tidal Conditions</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After I first started monitoring Wellfleet Marina in 2011, I wrote a post on the striped anemone, <em>Diadumene lineata</em>, on docks in the North Harbor, noting that few other species were found (see <a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2011/12/striped-anemone-at-wellfleet-marina.html" target="_blank">December 2011 post</a>). A monitoring study on MIS species</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> along the New England coast reported that <em>Diadumene</em> was <span style="color: #231f20;">extremely tolerant to extremes in temperature, salinity, and water quality (<a href="http://seagrant.mit.edu/publications/MITSG_05-3.pdf" target="_blank">Pappal et al, 2003</a>). Interestingly, temperature and salinity readings in Wellfleet during the summer of 2011 appeared normal, similar to those in Provincetown. I did notice, however, that the turbidity of the water was much higher than that in Provincetown, and visibility was greatly reduced. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #231f20;">The following year, I learned more about the harbor when I coincidentally visited the harbor about 30 minutes before low tide. The North Marina was already drained of water, and, in the South Marina, the receding water under the docks was rapidly disappearing. I realized that the twice-daily exposure at low tide and high sediment levels were probably the most significant contributing factors to the distribution of species (see additional images in Footer at bottom of Blog).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">H</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">igh tidal variation is characteristic of the Gulf of Maine, and in the North Harbor, the shallow bay is filled and emptied during each tidal cycle. This variation has a positive effect on marine life (e.g., oyster beds) in that it brings in fresh seawater twice a day. At the highest tides, the harbor is filled and Duck Creek is a shallow bay. At the lowest tide, Duck Creek is drained and the marina is transformed into a mudflat. Tidal variation in the summer averages over 10 feet, and this July, the tidal variation peaked at over 14 feet. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">On the north marina, <em>Diadumene lineata</em>, a yellow sponge (keyed as <em>Halichondria bowerbankia</em>), and an occasional oyster have most of the floating docks to themselves. At high tide, sediment in the water produces a layer of sediment and organic matter on the sides of the floats. At low tide, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">the floats sink into the mudflat. This adds an additional layer of dark mud to the float. Most of the anemones are in the upper layer near the waterline. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">On the South Marina, most of the docks are seasonal, and <em>Molgula</em>, algae, and distinctive color variations of <em>Botryllus schlosseri</em> form the dominant species on the sides of docks. Other species that are commonly observed are<span style="font-family: Arial;"> sea lettuce </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><em>Ulva</em>, filamentous green algae, an occasional <em>Codium</em>, and branched red algae such as <em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Satellite Views of Wellfleet Harbor at High and Low Tide</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0UJhMjz5Xg4/UkBc30G4hXI/AAAAAAAACC4/0k6HAcH7Nhs/s1600/Wellfleet+High+tide+9-8-2013+8-37-43+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0UJhMjz5Xg4/UkBc30G4hXI/AAAAAAAACC4/0k6HAcH7Nhs/s1600/Wellfleet+High+tide+9-8-2013+8-37-43+PM.jpg" width="189" /></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-USwragrWzos/UkBc_QuyldI/AAAAAAAACDA/ouqJ-GyOooE/s1600/Wellfleet+Mid+low+tide+9-8-2013+8-45-19+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-USwragrWzos/UkBc_QuyldI/AAAAAAAACDA/ouqJ-GyOooE/s1600/Wellfleet+Mid+low+tide+9-8-2013+8-45-19+PM.jpg" width="184" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Tidal variation in Wellfleet Harbor taken from different satellite images of Wellfleet. Left, high tides. Right, mid-to-low tide. At the lowest low tides, the entire north estuary is drained. </span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial;">View of the North Wellfleet Harbor at Low Tide</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Evening low tide in the Duck Creek estuary on the North Side of Wellfeet Marina, September 16, 2012. The entire area is drained and converted into a mud flat of dark brown, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">wet sediment. At low tide, the docks rest partially submerged in sediment. This year, the marina was monitored at high tide and will be henceforth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><em>Diadumene</em> Habitat on the Side of the Main Dock in the North Marina</strong> </span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qXszA9KpyjY/UkcvXkKi0LI/AAAAAAAACDQ/FGooq8ScoP0/s1600/PICT0173+crop+092813_edited-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qXszA9KpyjY/UkcvXkKi0LI/AAAAAAAACDQ/FGooq8ScoP0/s1600/PICT0173+crop+092813_edited-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RAc1GBIhcJA/UkoNVcujQmI/AAAAAAAACDw/rC8hQl-vYOM/s1600/PICT0173+crop2+093013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RAc1GBIhcJA/UkoNVcujQmI/AAAAAAAACDw/rC8hQl-vYOM/s400/PICT0173+crop2+093013.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HbtgcQBzpn4/UkoM_JGlmQI/AAAAAAAACDo/tQrAXYeCg50/s1600/PICT0177+crop2+093013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HbtgcQBzpn4/UkoM_JGlmQI/AAAAAAAACDo/tQrAXYeCg50/s400/PICT0177+crop2+093013.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Digital photos and enlarged details of <em>Diadumene lineata</em> on the North Marina docks (August, 2013). <em>Diadumene</em></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> lives in social groups distributed along the length of the docks right below the water line. Wellfleet was monitored at high time this summer. The floats were stratified into three regions: the upper, dry float above the water water (bottom of top image), a light brown zone containing sediment below the water line that is exposed at low tide, and a dark brown zone zone that sinks into the dark sediment at low tide (top of top image). </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Most of the anemones live in the light brown region, but a few individuals can also be found in the dark brown zone. </span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LINKS:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Pappal, A, J Pederson, JP Smith.</strong> <a href="http://seagrant.mit.edu/publications/MITSG_05-3.pdf" target="_blank">Marine Invaders in the Northeast</a>, 2003.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">In this study, <em>Diadumene</em> was commonly found at Marinas in Naragansett Bay and Buzzards </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bay and at certain locations in the Gulf of Maine. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Harbor Watch:</strong> <a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2011/12/striped-anemone-at-wellfleet-marina.html" target="_blank">Striped Anemone at Wellfleet Harbor.</a> Features stereomicroscopic views of collected anemones. </span></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-7861527954901389042013-08-31T20:07:00.000-04:002013-08-31T20:07:38.170-04:00Codium: Biology of a Marine Invasive<h2 class="gs_rt">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Multinucleated Single Cell Green Alga </span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Codium fragile</em> is a large, dark green macroalga with one to several, thick upright branches arising from a broad, spongy basal disc attached to the substrata.</span> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cylindrical branches are dichotomously branched and arise from a juvenile phase having both prostrate and erect branches. Fronds are generally annual, dying back in the Winter and arising from the perennial basal portion in the Spring. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The branches are constructed of interwoven coenocytic filaments, all derived from the same germ cell. Like <em>Bryopsis</em> (<a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2013/01/floating-dock-bryopsid-green-algae.html" target="_blank">January 2013 post</a>), there are no cell walls to separate nuclei or individual cells. However, the structural organization of <em>Codium</em> is distinctly different from <em>Bryopsis</em> and other coenocytic green algae. Each multinucleated branch is composed of a network of fibers that orient pointed cellular extensions, called utricles, toward the outside. The utricles of <em>Codium fragile</em> have a thorn-like projection that is absent in other species. The utricles are packed tightly, side by side, creating an outer layer surrounding the filaments.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Codium has been grown in the laboratory to study differentiation and regeneration. In early studies, cultures were primarily composed of dissociated branched, coenocytic filaments. The typical growth form of upright branches with utricles did not develop. With further research, techniques to grow mature filaments and branches were developed. Branched algae were developed from heterotrichous juveniles when cultures were agitated on a shaker. The shear forces created by mechanical agitation were essential for both initiation and maintenance of upright branches. Using aquaculture techniques, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><em>Codium</em> has been grown in Korea from regenerating isolated utricles and medullary filaments in a step-by-step manner (see LINK below). </span> </div>
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<strong><em><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Codium fragile</span></em></strong> </div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-juOPKuA2W0g/UhqRzxDENbI/AAAAAAAAB-g/hDZt12D2elY/s1600/PICT0105+Codium+MacMillan+Wharf+2+Aug+2013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-juOPKuA2W0g/UhqRzxDENbI/AAAAAAAAB-g/hDZt12D2elY/s400/PICT0105+Codium+MacMillan+Wharf+2+Aug+2013.jpg" height="263" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <em>Codium fragile</em> growing on the side of a floating dock at MacMillan Wharf, Provincetown, MA. Photo was taken during a monitoring session in August, 2013. <em>Codium</em> typically grows along the water line in the same location as <em>Ulva,</em> <em>Enteromorpha,</em> and other green algae. </span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Life Cycle of <em>Codium</em></span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P_uFU-s1I-k/UgAlM39SEZI/AAAAAAAAB7c/vRefFAa92Co/s1600/LifecycleCodium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P_uFU-s1I-k/UgAlM39SEZI/AAAAAAAAB7c/vRefFAa92Co/s1600/LifecycleCodium.jpg" height="400" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diagram of the </span><a href="http://diatomeae.narod.ru/pictures.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ife cycle of <em>Codium</em></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> showing upright thallus, cross section through a branch, utricles, gametes, and dichotrichous germling. The cross section through the branch (fertile thallus, bottom left) shows the central </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://diatomeae.narod.ru/pictures/LifecycleCodium.JPG" target="_blank">filamentous multinucleate cell and the outer utricles</a>. Male and females gametes fuse together to form the zygote, which then develops into a germling that grows to form the holdfast and diploid thallus. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><em>Codium fragile</em> Internal Structure</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BbFUIJElUjE/UgPLRS-CTyI/AAAAAAAAB70/CdxiJb--J0U/s1600/utricles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BbFUIJElUjE/UgPLRS-CTyI/AAAAAAAAB70/CdxiJb--J0U/s1600/utricles.jpg" height="200" width="166" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diagram </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">of a cut <em>Codium</em> branch showing central filaments and the outer utricles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Microscopic Structure <em>Codium fragile</em> utricles</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a8Jq_LtF2vs/UgPLIICa9AI/AAAAAAAAB7s/bMVLvbBkERk/s1600/Codium_fragile_utricle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a8Jq_LtF2vs/UgPLIICa9AI/AAAAAAAAB7s/bMVLvbBkERk/s1600/Codium_fragile_utricle.jpg" height="175" width="200" /></span></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZfOfP3HsU1Y/UgPLbVQY7vI/AAAAAAAAB78/FQNwL6eSYPs/s1600/untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZfOfP3HsU1Y/UgPLbVQY7vI/AAAAAAAAB78/FQNwL6eSYPs/s1600/untitled.png" height="200" width="140" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Left, d</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">iagrams of <em>Codium</em> utricles showing fusiform <a href="http://natural-history.main.jp/Algae_Column/Seaweeds/flora/Sado_Island_Green/Codium_fragile/Codium_fragile_utricle.jpg" target="_blank">gametangia</a> forming at the side of the utricle. <a href="http://www.seaweedafrica.org/search/images/view/?img_id=41778" target="_blank">Microscopic image</a> of <em>Codium</em> utricles. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LINKS</span>:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Dixon, HH.</strong> Structure of Codium. </span><a href="http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/os-11/4/588.full.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ann </span></a><a href="http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/os-11/4/588.full.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bot 11<span class="cit-issue"><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-issue">:</span> </span></span></a><span class="cit-pages"><a href="http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/os-11/4/588.full.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="cit-first-page">588</span><span class="cit-sep">-</span><span class="cit-last-page">590, 1897.</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Ramus, J.</strong> Differentiation of the green alga <em>Codium fragile</em>. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2441529?uid=3739696&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102557232063" target="_blank"> Amer J Bot 59: 478-482, 1972.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>MH Yang, G Blunden, FL Huang.</strong> Growth of a dissociated, filamentous stage of Codium species in laboratory culture. </span><a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007996207924#page-1" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> J Applied Phycol 9:1-3, 1997.</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Hwang, EK, JM Baek, and CS Park.</strong> Cultivation of the green alga, <em>Codium fragile</em> (Suringar) Hariot, by artificial</span> seed production in Korea. <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10811-007-9265-5" target="_blank">J Appl Phycol 20: 469-475, 2008.</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IaVXzUz1HlY/Ug4RzsFsZJI/AAAAAAAAB8Y/IMsI4hGFE-8/s1600/Codium+Fragile+Aquaculture+Korea+8-12-2013+4-00-29+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IaVXzUz1HlY/Ug4RzsFsZJI/AAAAAAAAB8Y/IMsI4hGFE-8/s1600/Codium+Fragile+Aquaculture+Korea+8-12-2013+4-00-29+PM.jpg" height="326" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aquaculture of <em>Codium fragile</em>. b-d) filaments are grown on coiled fibers for about 6 weeks. e) with continued culture, erect thalli develop. f-h) once erect thalli develop, the fibers are coiled around a larger culture rope. Small branched plants are formed by 5 months (g) and mature growth is achieved by 7 months (h). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Encyclopedia of Life (EOL): </strong><em><a href="http://eol.org/pages/912591/overview" target="_blank">Codium fragile</a></em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Natural History of Sado Island, Japan:</strong> </span><a href="http://natural-history.main.jp/Algae_Column/Seaweeds/flora/Sado_Island_Green/Codium_fragile/Codium_fragile_Sado.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Codium fragile</em></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Flora of South Australia: <a href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/efsa/algae_revealed/pdf/Codium_fragile.pdf" target="_blank"> <em>Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot</em></a></span></div>
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</span><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Natura</span> In Neustria:</strong> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://naturainneustria.blog.fr/2011/11/07/codium-fragile-algue-verte-12132679/" target="_blank"><em>Codium fragile</em> (algue verte)</a></span><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Taxonomic Toolkit For Marine Life of Port Phillip Bay </strong><a href="http://portphillipmarinelife.net.au/">http://portphillipmarinelife.net.au</a></span><a href="http://portphillipmarinelife.net.au/"></a></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ggVKfGy07vE/UgPMWOUFpzI/AAAAAAAAB8M/HqEvRdcJzQ0/s1600/species_662789.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ggVKfGy07vE/UgPMWOUFpzI/AAAAAAAAB8M/HqEvRdcJzQ0/s200/species_662789.jpg" height="149" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Codium on the beach at </span><a href="http://portphillipmarinelife.net.au/images/species/species_662789.jpeg" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Port Phillip</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Montery Bay Aquarium Research Institute:</strong> <em><a href="http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/greens/codium_setchellii/microscope.htm" target="_blank">Codium setchellii.</a> </em> Structure of <em>C. setchellii</em> compared to <em>C. fragile</em>.</span></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-21771872198998313392013-07-31T20:55:00.000-04:002018-04-18T12:20:58.115-04:00Summer Monitoring in Provincetown<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Time to Enjoy the Scenery</span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Jmsw9ejAo8A/Ufk-LaYpr8I/AAAAAAAAB6k/hz74-DIbvZw/s1600/PICT0082.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Jmsw9ejAo8A/Ufk-LaYpr8I/AAAAAAAAB6k/hz74-DIbvZw/s1600/PICT0082.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">View of the study area - two public docks off the East side of MacMillan Wharf. At the end of the afternoon, dark clouds came in from the Northeast creating a picturesque effect.</span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y91k6b_khQs/UflAUzvRHFI/AAAAAAAAB60/wsuyrEZAwuE/s1600/PICT0086.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y91k6b_khQs/UflAUzvRHFI/AAAAAAAAB60/wsuyrEZAwuE/s1600/PICT0086.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The North side of the first dock is used for small boats and has a few wood-framed floating docks maintained by local organizations. The South side of this dock features berths for commercial fishing vessels. </span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M_oimQnLXGY/UflA1fzL6EI/AAAAAAAAB68/zKHfXK5pp54/s1600/PICT0088.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M_oimQnLXGY/UflA1fzL6EI/AAAAAAAAB68/zKHfXK5pp54/s1600/PICT0088.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";">A view from the Wharf looking Southeast towards the second dock. Both sides of the dock have berths for</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> fishing vessels.</span></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-36187714906981628412013-06-30T20:58:00.000-04:002013-06-30T20:58:42.415-04:00Coast Watch - 2013<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Expectations for the Season</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It's another monitoring season and plans are underway for assessing marine invasive species in Provincetown and Wellfleet this year. Looking back at the findings from the last two years raises somes questions about this year's marine growth. Each Spring, the sides of docks usually have areas of clean substrate that are available for settlement. Both invasive and native species compete for these sites. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Ascidians are one of the most competitive groups of species that attach to the docks. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the Gulf of Maine, the colonial species <em>Diplosoma</em>, <em>Didemnum</em>, <em>Botryllus</em>, and <em>Botrylloides</em>, and the solitary ascidians <em>Styela</em>, <em>Ascidiella</em>, <em>Ciona</em>, and <em>Molgula</em> complete with other groups such as mussels, bryozoa, and algae. Last year, <em>Diplosoma</em> was a major colonizing ascidian of clean substrates, co-colonizing with <em>Botryllus</em> and <em>Botrylloides</em> on the sides of docks below the water line. <em>Ascidiella</em> has not yet established a foothold in Provincetown, although it is common in other parts of the Gulf of Maine (<a href="http://www.salemsound.org/">www.salemsound.org</a>). In contrast, <em>Molgula</em> which occupies a similar ecological niche to <em>Ascidiella</em>, is common and may have a competitive edge in settlement due to the large number of individuals producing </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">larvae. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I</span>t will be interesting to see whether two MIS crustaceans make an appearance and, if so, how abundant they will be. <em>Caprella mutica</em> was not recorded in Provincetown last year although it was abundant in 2010 and early 2011, and a few <em>Palaemon elegans</em> were seen for the first time in Provincetown during the summer of 2012 living among schools of <em>Palaemonetes pugio</em>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">I find that a visit to the docks is always enhanced by searching for hanging ropes, submerged boating gear, buoys, or improvised objects such as automobile tires that may be attached to the sides of docks. Ropes hanging from the docks usually show variation in algae and invertebrate species distribution with depth due to light and temperature factors. Juvenile </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">green and Asian crabs, usually around the size of a dime or nickel, are typically seen during monitoring sessions crawling over species on the docks, on ropes, or living in the protection of attached structures on the dock. The photos below show a few </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">examples of previous years findings.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Public Docks at MacMillan Wharf</strong> </span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SIUDAWaF5fo/Uc23OfQhXQI/AAAAAAAAB5s/SMjAIBEuycg/s1600/IMG_0189.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="298" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SIUDAWaF5fo/Uc23OfQhXQI/AAAAAAAAB5s/SMjAIBEuycg/s1600/IMG_0189.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The main docks rest on large concrete-covered styrofoam floats whereas most of the side docks rest on modular commercial floats composed of expanded polystyrene cores enclosed by a black polyethylene shell. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong><em>Codium</em> Green Algae and Colonial Asicidians on a Hanging Rope</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gfEeiFWK6tQ/Uc22OoZ-PXI/AAAAAAAAB5g/OmDACR4RUOs/s1600/IMG_0073.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="298" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gfEeiFWK6tQ/Uc22OoZ-PXI/AAAAAAAAB5g/OmDACR4RUOs/s1600/IMG_0073.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Part of a light weight rope that looped from one dock to another. Near the water line, <em>Codium</em> covered a short strand of rope tied to a dock. Orange <em>Botrylloides violaceus</em> covered another section of the rope that was hanging deeper in the water. A few small specimens of <em>Ulva</em> sea lettuce can also be seen along the rope<em>. </em> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Small <em>Mytilus edulis</em> Mussels on a Nautical Rope</strong></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mussels are another species that colonizes docks and ropes near the waterline. When larvae settle at the same time, a cohort of uniformly sized mussels is formed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Heavy Colonization of a Hanging Rope by Colonial and Solitary Ascidians</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NjB2z5OmyTw/UcxVFMRIpVI/AAAAAAAAB40/Ky23JA7cKhY/s1600/IMG_1519+Didemnum+on+Rope.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NjB2z5OmyTw/UcxVFMRIpVI/AAAAAAAAB40/Ky23JA7cKhY/s1600/IMG_1519+Didemnum+on+Rope.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Didemnum, Botryllus, Botrylloides, Molgula</em>, and other invertebrates grow over each other and entangle eel grass and other debris to form large masses on a hanging rope.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Spider Crabs Visit the Main Dock of MacMillan Wharf</strong></span><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RVLpO57c2A8/UcxU3riDe_I/AAAAAAAAB4s/-dptJfVUeY4/s1600/IMG_0279+Spider+Crabs+MacMillan+Wharf+Provincetown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><img border="0" height="267" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RVLpO57c2A8/UcxU3riDe_I/AAAAAAAAB4s/-dptJfVUeY4/s1600/IMG_0279+Spider+Crabs+MacMillan+Wharf+Provincetown.jpg" width="400" /></strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Two <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">young <em>Libinia emarginata</em> spider crabs</span> were found hanging out together in a protected area under the dock. One individual had a small colony of <em>Botrylloides violaceus</em> growing on its back. This was a rare treat because green and Asian crabs are usually the only crab species that are seen on the docks.</span></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-58750152287827318012013-05-31T06:58:00.000-04:002013-05-31T06:58:56.842-04:00Club Tunicate First Described by William A Herdman in 1882<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Collected on the Voyage of the HMS Challenger</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The Challenger
expedition of 1872–76 was a scientific exercise that made many discoveries to
lay the foundation of oceanography. The expedition was named after the mother
vessel, HMS Challenger. Prompted by Charles W. Thomson of the University of
Edinburgh, the Royal Society of </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">London obtained the use of Challenger from the
British Royal Navy and in 1872 modified the ship for scientific work, equipping
it with laboratories, workrooms, and storage space.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To enable the ship to
probe the ocean's depths, the Challenger's guns were removed and its spars reduced to
make</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> more space available. Laboratories, extra cabins and a special dredging
platform were installed. It was loaded with specimen jars, filled with alcohol
for preservation of samples, microscopes and chemical apparatus, trawls and
dredges, thermometers and water sampling bottles, sounding leads and devices to
collect sediment from the sea bed and great lengths of rope with which to
suspend the equipment into the ocean depths. Because of the novelty of the
expedition, some of the equipment was invented or specially modified for the
occasion. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Under the scientific
supervision of Thomson, the Challenger sailed from Portsmouth, England, on 21 December 1872, and travelled nearly 70,000 nautical miles surveying and exploring the oceans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The final results of the research were published as the "Report of the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among many other discoveries, the report catalogued over 4,000 previously unknown marine species. One of these species was the as-of-yet un-named <em>Styela clava</em>. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">William A. Herdman described and illustrated the Tunicates from the expedition publishing several reports in 1882 on simple, compound, and pelagic Tunicates. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>HMS Challenger</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hUEthrrnc78/UZ_xEyFj17I/AAAAAAAAB24/PmhZnyAVYFE/s1600/Challenger_1872.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hUEthrrnc78/UZ_xEyFj17I/AAAAAAAAB24/PmhZnyAVYFE/s1600/Challenger_1872.gif" height="267" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">British Natural History Collections image of the <a href="http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/images/history/Challenger_1872.gif" target="_blank">Challenger, 1872</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Route of the HMS Challenger</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><em>Styela clava</em> was collected off the <a href="http://hercules.kgs.ku.edu/hexacoral/expedition/challenger_1872-1876/challenger.html" target="_blank">coast of Japan during explorations in 1874</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Herdman noted that <em>S.
clava</em> appeared to be a rather common species of <em>Styela</em> in Japanese seas</span>. At the
time, there were about twenty specimens of it in the British Museum collection,
which were brought to England from Japan,
and there were also some specimens from the same locality in the Liverpool Free
Public Museum. The species, however, appeared to have been never described or illustrated. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The text described the characteristic features of the species and illustrations showed the external appearance and structure of the brancial sac.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Herdman wrote that the
species was club-shaped with an pyriform body supported on a stalk of variable
length that stood erect and was not
compressed. The branchial
sac of the specimens had four narrow folds upon each side. The internal longitudinal bars were numerous, about nine on a fold and twelve in the interspaces. The meshes were transversely elongated and each contained six stigmata.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Original Illustration of <em>Styela clava</em></strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Figure 9, external appearance of 2 specimens of <em>Syela clava,</em> WA Herdman, 1882</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Branchial Sac and Stigmata of <em>Styela clava</em> and several other species of <em>Styela</em></strong></span><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5ouiAe1odAU/UZwG_qZA7LI/AAAAAAAAB1g/jFWLoTsTtKc/s1600/p019+full+page.jpg" height="640" width="472" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Plate XIX from "Tunicata: The Report of the Voyage of the HMS Challenger". </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><em>Styela clava</em>, Fig. 9 and 10. Figure 10, part of the branchial sac from the inside showing branchial bars and stigmata.</span></div>
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</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>LINKS:</strong></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Wikipedia Website:</strong> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_expedition" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Challenger expedition</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><strong>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ocean Explorer.</strong> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/challenger/challenger.html" target="_blank">Then <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and Now:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The HMS Challenger Expedition and the “Mountains of the Sea” Expedition</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><span class="pagesubtitle1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>University of Kansas Natural History
Museum, Division of Invertebrate Zoology.</strong> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://hercules.kgs.ku.edu/hexacoral/expedition/challenger_1872-1876/challenger.html" target="_blank">Challenger Expedition (1872-1876).</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong>Isle-of-Man Webpage:</strong> <a href="http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/people/antiqarn/wherdman.htm" target="_blank">William Abbott Herdman, 1858-1924</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Herdman, WA. </strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76. Zoology Part XVII. Ascidiæ Simplæ.</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh, </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">1882.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>19thcenturyscience.org:</strong> <a href="http://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-INDEX/index-linked.htm" target="_blank">Comprehensive Overview of the Findings of the Challenger</a>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>19thcenturyscience.org:</strong> </span><a href="http://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-17/htm/doc.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tunicata: Ascidiae Simplae</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>19thcenturyscience.org:</strong> </span><a href="http://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-38/htm/doc.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tunicata: Ascidiae Compositae</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span></span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Styela clava</span></em>, Pages 158-159</span></strong> </div>
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<a href="http://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-17/README.htm" target="_blank">From The Tunicata posted by 19thCenturyScience.org</a></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-6657152546850801982013-04-30T18:58:00.000-04:002013-04-30T18:59:42.939-04:00Japanese Tsunami Floating Docks <span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Asian Species Arrive on West Coast Shores</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Recently, it has become a regular occurrence that another piece of debris with attached marine species arrives on the shores of Washington and Oregon as a result of the 2011 Japanese tsunami. These reports are fascinating from several perspectives: dispersal of marine species following natural events, a glimpse at Pacific species, and the effect of transatlantic travel on species distribution. Four large docks were washed away from Misawa, Aomori Prefecture, Honshu. One was found in Japan, two have arrived in the United states, and one is still unaccounted for. It will be interesting to learn how this process unfolds in comparison to the much different process of marine species on ships that travel from port to port. Their time at the shore was limited because they took a few days to permanently wash ashore and because they were immediately cleaned and removed from the area. These docks had their greatest potential to impact the open coast because marinas and bays are relatively few in number or protected from the open coast. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first dock arrived in Oregon on June 4th, 2012, at Agate Beach, Newport. This was a large dock densely covered with attached algae and marine invertebrates. Coincidentally, Newport is the home of the <a href="http://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank">Hatfield Marine Science Center</a> of Oregon State University and <a href="http://aquarium.org/" target="_blank">The Oregon Coast Aquarium</a>. It was a ideal situation for documenting the species and studying their impact on the surrounding areas. Since then, another floating dock was reported washing ashore December 16-18, 2012, in a remote location along the Washington coast near Mosquito Creek on the Olympic Peninsula. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The docks had followed the <a href="http://usresponserestoration.wordpress.com/2012/01/31/track-marine-debris-japanese-tsunami/" target="_blank">predicted path of debris</a> from Japan based on prevailing currents, winds, and storms, but they arrived at North America slightly ahead of schedule. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Several research groups and experts are participating in identifying the species on the docks, especially the Agate Beach dock which has over 150 species and was densely covered. Each list is posted on the web and is periodically updated (see LINKS). It will be worth following during the upcoming months to see what species appear as the story unfolds. Several Gulf of Maine MIS species were also seen on the docks including <em>Styela</em>, <em>Didemnum</em>, <em>Grateloupe</em>, and <em>Caprella</em>. Some invasive species were also seen that are already on the West Coast, including the bryozoan <em>Watersipora subtorquata </em>and the Mediterranean mussel <em>Mytilus galloprovincialis</em>. Several encrusting and upright bryozoans were identified. <em>Cryptosula pallasiana</em> and <em>Watersipora subtorquata</em> are encrusting forms with distinctly different enclosures from <em>Membranipora</em> or <em>Electra</em> (see links and images below), and <em>Tricellaria</em> sp and <em>Scruparia</em> sp are beige branching forms structurally different </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">from our <em>Bugula</em> species. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Perhaps one of the
most interesting findings from my perspective was the presence of numerous
stalked, pelagic gooseneck barnacles that settled on the dock during the trip
across the Pacific. Pelagic barnacles are normally found attached by their
flexible stalks to floating timber, the hulls of ships, piers, pilings, and
seaweed. <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lepas
anatifera</span></span></em> has a cosmopolitan distribution and is found in tropical
and subtropical seas worldwide. Because it is attached to floating objects
carried by oceanic currents, it is ofter found in colder seas where the waters
are too cold for them to reproduce. It will be interesting to learn what other
species were acquired during the trip, whether species that were established on
the docks were lost or diminished in density during the journey, or whether
other species became more dominant due to more advantageous conditions.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></span></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Location of the Floating Dock on Agate Beach, Newport, Oregon</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SO7zu-flL2Q/UWalCCXov9I/AAAAAAAABzI/QZYOQ9fKpss/s1600/Agate+Beach,+Tsunami+Dock,Newport,Oregon,+Locations.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SO7zu-flL2Q/UWalCCXov9I/AAAAAAAABzI/QZYOQ9fKpss/s1600/Agate+Beach,+Tsunami+Dock,Newport,Oregon,+Locations.jpg" height="342" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Satellite view of Western Oregon over Newport, Oregon showing location of the Misawa dock represented by the yellow rectangle. Red star: location of Hatfield Marine Science Center and Oregon Coast Aquarium. </span></div>
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<strong>Predicted Path of Debris From the 2011 Tsunami Around the North Pacific</strong></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cJR4h12J8Ds/UVn0wxSGM4I/AAAAAAAABwM/T_hbi_pC1qE/s1600/japan_tsunami_debris_color_606.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cJR4h12J8Ds/UVn0wxSGM4I/AAAAAAAABwM/T_hbi_pC1qE/s1600/japan_tsunami_debris_color_606.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></div>
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NOAA's OSCURS (Ocean Surface Current Simulator) is a numeric model for ocean surface currents that <a href="http://usresponserestoration.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/japan-tsunami-debris-google-map-courtesy-j-churnside.jpg" target="_blank">predicted the movement of marine debris</a> generated by the Japan tsunami. Debris drifted more rapidly than anticipated, reaching Alaska first and then Oregon in 2012. The model shows that once the debris reaches the eastern Pacific, it can either pass through the California current and reach the coast, or get caught in the current and travel south. More southerly, the current turns west and debris moves west traveling back to the west Pacific. Time sequence progresses as follows: Red, Orange, Yellow, Turquoise, Magenta.</div>
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<span style="background-color: #dddddd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Japanese Floating Dock on Agate Beach, Newport, Oregon</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k6Qccmob2bs/UWL0_vcdPxI/AAAAAAAABxY/PIImMJ52Mqc/s1600/KATU+TV+news+dock-on-beach.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k6Qccmob2bs/UWL0_vcdPxI/AAAAAAAABxY/PIImMJ52Mqc/s1600/KATU+TV+news+dock-on-beach.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://media.katu.com/images/dock-on-beach.jpg" target="_blank">Misawa dock</a> came to its resting place on a long sandy beach. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Credit: <a href="http://davidappell.blogspot.com/2012/06/washed-up-dock-may-have-brought.html" target="_blank">David Appell</a>)</span><br />
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<strong><span style="background-color: #dddddd; font-family: Arial;">Marine Growth on the Dock at Agate Beach</span></strong><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--mR5j9OQKIY/UWrPB26a06I/AAAAAAAABzY/Sqn0YAyl84Y/s1600/dockclose.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--mR5j9OQKIY/UWrPB26a06I/AAAAAAAABzY/Sqn0YAyl84Y/s1600/dockclose.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> An initial survey found a <a href="http://blogs.oregonstate.edu/floatingdock/" target="_blank">variety of species</a> of barnacles, starfish, urchins, anemones, amphipods, worms, mussels, limpets, snails, solitary tunicates and algae. This section shows numerous mussels (<em>Mytilus galloprovincialis</em> ) and brown algae. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>M. galloprovincialis</em> also occurs on the West Coast of America. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Chart of Marine Organisms on the Agate Beach Oregon Floating Dock</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VYjv6tOzxzw/UPsZ1PwdQMI/AAAAAAAABbo/VDrLF6xfde0/s1600/Floating-Dock-Organisms073012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VYjv6tOzxzw/UPsZ1PwdQMI/AAAAAAAABbo/VDrLF6xfde0/s1600/Floating-Dock-Organisms073012.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chart of several of the species found on the </span><a href="http://blogs.oregonstate.edu/floatingdock/files/2012/07/Floating-Dock-Organisms073012.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Agate Beach Floating Dock</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. A large diversity of species was found. The solitary t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">unicate on the left looks like a pair of <em>Styela clava</em>. Encrusting and pelagic barnacles are shown in the upper right. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #dddddd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Japanese Floating Dock near Mosquito Creek, Olympic Peninsula, WA</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VbmyYRPtNLc/UWF-qRQ8R5I/AAAAAAAABxI/5OLhaBD--E8/s1600/r-WASHINGTON-TSUNAMI-DEBRIS-large570.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VbmyYRPtNLc/UWF-qRQ8R5I/AAAAAAAABxI/5OLhaBD--E8/s1600/r-WASHINGTON-TSUNAMI-DEBRIS-large570.jpg" height="167" width="400" /></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Pelagic barnacles <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtf_6mH2ZOpQhyphenhyphen24ywdcomuNoEIUdx7aW1BcCr4x6uLGnrWv9DSrujXK-4C_XBPbyFgK9XC0tCt6pbn-V-moGnc33LhNP6OU_8N5nebbzgSBKjZuh3ambportLbsUxgEftEFBjvFT4sfc/s640/debris_.jpg" target="_blank">settled on the dock during transport</a> across the Pacific. The side looks nearly covered with the single species, <em>Lepas anatifera</em>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><em>Lepas anatifera </em>Pelagic Barnacles </strong></span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7oOi3S_hVP8/UWCyPc5hWQI/AAAAAAAABww/XvDwHHlWPlg/s1600/2978409694_1c7d736b44_o_250a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7oOi3S_hVP8/UWCyPc5hWQI/AAAAAAAABww/XvDwHHlWPlg/s1600/2978409694_1c7d736b44_o_250a.jpg" height="161" width="200" /></span></a> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Body divided into two parts: the capitulum which bears the body of the animal and a flexible stalk called the peduncle. Capitulum has five large calcareous plates. Plates on the capitulum are smooth or at most finely marked. Upper left, specimens with the cirri withdrawn showing external features - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepas_anatifera" target="_blank">the plate-covered capitulum and the leathery,brown peduncle</a>. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Upper right, <a href="http://eol.org/data_objects/8909868" target="_blank">collected specimens with cirri </a>showing morphological diversity. Bottom, <a href="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3291/2978409694_b09b641e47_m.jpg" target="_blank">underwater image</a> showing orange tissue-lined pearly white plates and fully extended cirri ready for feeding.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LINKS:</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>Oregon</u></span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Oregon State Japanese Tsunami-Generated Floating Docks Website.</strong> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gives updated information on the research and species list. </span><a href="http://blogs.oregonstate.edu/floatingdock/"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://blogs.oregonstate.edu/floatingdock/</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>ANS (Aquatic Nuisance Species) Task Force.</strong> <a href="http://anstaskforce.gov/Tsunami.html" target="_blank">http://anstaskforce.gov/Tsunami.html</a></span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Oregon State Tsunami Debris Hotline: </span></strong><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/29/oregon-tsunami-debris-hotline_n_1635896.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Huffington Post ongoing dialogue of reports and replies</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Flicker Photostream. </strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/80098236@N07/" target="_blank">Oregon's Tsunami Floating Dock's Photostream. </a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Agate Beach Tsunami Dock Species List.</strong> <a href="http://blogs.oregonstate.edu/floatingdock/2013/01/07/january-2013-update-of-agate-beach-tsunami-dock-species-list/" target="_blank">Gives updated species information</a>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Tsunami
Floating Dock<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">Preliminary
Species List : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">As of January 1, 2013</i></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><span style="color: black;"> </span></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Marine
Organisms Found Living on a Floating Dock from</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: black;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Misawa,
Aomori Prefecture, Japan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dislodged by the </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;">2011 Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;">and Washing Ashore on June 4, 2012 at</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;">Agate Beach, Lincoln County, Oregon</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><u>Washington</u></strong></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Washington</span> Tsunami Debris: Olympic Peninsula Dock.</strong> <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/28/washington-tsunami-debris-olympic-peninsula_n_2377484.html" target="_blank">Huffington Post Report</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Washington Coast Tsunami Dock.</strong> <a href="http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/japan-confirms-dock-washington-coast-tsunami-marine-debris.html" target="_blank">NOAA web report.</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Species List Washington Misawa Tsunami Floating Dock. </strong><a href="http://blogs.oregonstate.edu/floatingdock/" target="_blank">Gives updated information.</a> </span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tsunami Floating Dock: Misawa 3</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Olympic National Park</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">JTMD-BF-8)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Species List: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">As of January 15, 2013</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Marine Organisms Found Living on a Floating Dock from</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Misawa, Aomori Prefecture, Japan,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Washed Out to Sea on <u>March 11, 2011,</u>and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;">Washing Ashore <u>December 16-18, 2012</u> near <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mosquito Creek, Jefferson County,</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;">Olympic National Park, Washington</span></b><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>Bryozoa</u></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Encyclopedia of Life (EOL): <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span>Cryptosula pallasiana. </strong><a href="http://eol.org/pages/600938/overview" target="_blank">Overview of the species</a><strong>.</strong></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7UFjMOfMnXM/UWNGy89gkrI/AAAAAAAABx4/_QdQCsU9rfg/s1600/Cryptosula+pallasiana+08673_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7UFjMOfMnXM/UWNGy89gkrI/AAAAAAAABx4/_QdQCsU9rfg/s1600/Cryptosula+pallasiana+08673_orig.jpg" height="235" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Exotics Guide: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Non-native Marine Species of the North American Pacific Coast. <em>Watersipora subtorquata</em>.</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Detailed description of the <a href="http://www.exoticsguide.org/watersipora_subtorquata" target="_blank">taxonomy, structure, and distribution of the species</a>.</span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mn5gnBP_jgI/UWXnZftVeQI/AAAAAAAABy4/0Dqpe-_mPKU/s1600/512777799_7490efa690.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mn5gnBP_jgI/UWXnZftVeQI/AAAAAAAABy4/0Dqpe-_mPKU/s1600/512777799_7490efa690.jpg" height="256" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9rB1-h1u1M0/UWXSNjJbA8I/AAAAAAAAByg/a6Gj9PzR2sg/s1600/Watersipora_subtorquata_lg_h.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9rB1-h1u1M0/UWXSNjJbA8I/AAAAAAAAByg/a6Gj9PzR2sg/s1600/Watersipora_subtorquata_lg_h.jpg" height="200" width="197" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ex0MzSLNdyw/UWXSVGMyusI/AAAAAAAAByo/GK2ij9DJcJk/s1600/watesub.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ex0MzSLNdyw/UWXSVGMyusI/AAAAAAAAByo/GK2ij9DJcJk/s1600/watesub.jpg" height="200" width="164" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Watersipora subtorquata</em> is an invasive species that has also spread to the US Pacific coast. Top, View of an <a href="http://www.exoticsguide.org/watersipora_subtorquata" target="_blank">orange colony from San Francisco Bay</a> (Luis A. Solórzano). Bottom left, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Closeup of <em>Watersipora subtorquata <a href="http://www.exoticsguide.org/watersipora_subtorquata" target="_blank">zooecia</a></em><a href="http://www.exoticsguide.org/watersipora_subtorquata" target="_blank"> showing the black opercula</a> and the fine black lines where the zooecia join (California Academy of Sciences). Bottom right, <a href="http://www.bryozoa.net/cheilostomata/watersiporidae/watesub.jpg" target="_blank">SEM image</a> showing fine structural detail. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Encyclopedia of Life (EOL): </strong></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Tricellaria.</strong> <a href="http://eol.org/pages/36555/overview" target="_blank">Genus overview<strong>.</strong></a> </span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FyF26NrLVz4/UWNGBjHj-jI/AAAAAAAABxo/VI0yulhIuNU/s1600/Tricellaria+71886_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FyF26NrLVz4/UWNGBjHj-jI/AAAAAAAABxo/VI0yulhIuNU/s1600/Tricellaria+71886_orig.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Tricellaria inopinata</em> D'Hondt & Occhipinti Ambrogi, 1985</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Encyclopedia of Life (EOL): </strong><strong>Scruparia<o:p></o:p>.</strong> </span><a href="http://eol.org/pages/73450/overview" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus overview</span></a><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6zXVbfeV74U/UX_OGRN-FxI/AAAAAAAABzo/KIbWKSjDLlY/s1600/Scruparia+50600_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6zXVbfeV74U/UX_OGRN-FxI/AAAAAAAABzo/KIbWKSjDLlY/s1600/Scruparia+50600_orig.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Scruparia chelata </em>Linnaeus, 1758, is a white colony with creeping stolons</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and upright chains of zooids</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><u>Mussels:</u></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Bold; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Bold; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong>Wonham, NJ. Mini-review distribution of the Mediterranean mussel <em>Mytilus galloprovincialis</em> (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) and hybrids in the Northeast Pacific. <em> </em></strong><a href="http://www.math.ualberta.ca/~mwonham/reprints/Wonham.2004.Gallo.pdf" target="_blank">J Shellfish Res, 23: 535–543, 2004</a>.</span></span></span></div>
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<strong><u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PelagicBarnacles:</span></u></strong></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MarLIN</span>: </strong><span lang="EN" style="color: #000044; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><strong>Common Goose Barnacle:</strong> <span class="speciesname1"><em><a href="http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=3643" target="_blank">Lepas anatifera</a></em></span></span><o:p></o:p>
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<strong>EOL Encyclopedia of Life:</strong> <em><a href="http://eol.org/pages/1020694/details" target="_blank">Lepas anatifera</a>.</em></span><br />
<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>WoRMS World Register of Marine Species.</strong> <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=106149" target="_blank"><em>Lepas anatifera</em> Linnaeus, 1758</a>.</span></o:p><br />
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<o:p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>Recent News:</u></span></strong></o:p><br />
<o:p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Japanese Fish Survive 5,000-Mile Trip across Pacific in Tsunami Boat. </span></strong><a href="http://news.yahoo.com/japanese-fish-survive-5-000-mile-trip-across-110454642.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Blue and white striped beakfish survived in the hull of a boat.</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></o:p>Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-55512544648975907802013-03-30T18:56:00.000-04:002013-04-10T07:27:50.679-04:00File Images: Caprella & Palaemonetes<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><em>Caprella mutica</em> & <em>Palaemonetes pugio</em></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After the new year, I looked through my collection of stereomicroscopic images to see if any of them might be candidates for posting. My microscope is an Olympus-like clone with a 0.7-4.5 zoom lens paired with a 10x objective. As with most dissecting microscopes, it comes equipped with a clear glass stage insert for backlighting as well as an opaque two-sided black/white stage insert. Many subjects such as algae and branching bryozoa photograph best with white backgrounds for contrast and reflective back lighting, but other species such as colonial ascidians and anemones photograph well with a black background. Crustaceans also look good on a black background and there were two images in my collection that had an aesthetic appeal. For seawater specimens, the stage insert was placed at the bottom of the collection tray. For preserved material, formaldehyde-fixed samples were transferred through alcohols to water and then placed in a container with the black stage on the bottom. Micrographs were taken with a <span style="font-family: Arial;">QImaging Micropublisher Digital Camera using QCapture Pro Software. </span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MIS Species <em>Caprella mutica</em></span></strong><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DTvdNxHJcGw/UWVMVJ-rJhI/AAAAAAAAByQ/qvXS8JceF14/s1600/untitled021+Caprella+mutica+0.8X+v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DTvdNxHJcGw/UWVMVJ-rJhI/AAAAAAAAByQ/qvXS8JceF14/s1600/untitled021+Caprella+mutica+0.8X+v2.jpg" height="285" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Specimen of <em>Caprella mutica</em> collected in August 2011 observed against a black background. In Provincetown, I have not seen <em>Caprella mutica</em> since Tropical Storm Irene, August 28-29, 2011. Stereozoom 0.8 x 10x objective.</span></span> </div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial;">Marsh Grass Shrimp <em>Palaemonetes pugio</em></span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i_prXuq7b0w/UWVMRcjP2II/AAAAAAAAByM/PlR3T_fCOYE/s1600/untitled203+Palaemonetes+pugio+Wellfleet+072811+v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i_prXuq7b0w/UWVMRcjP2II/AAAAAAAAByM/PlR3T_fCOYE/s1600/untitled203+Palaemonetes+pugio+Wellfleet+072811+v2.jpg" height="286" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Preserved specimen of <em>Palaemonetes pugio</em> from Wellfleet Marina collected in summer of 2011. <em>Palaemonetes</em> marsh grass shrimp <a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012/10/mis-floating-dock-community.html" target="_blank">live among algae and invertebrates attached to the floats</a> and sometimes swim in small schools next to the docks. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Stereozoom 0.7 x 10x objective. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><em>Palaemonetes </em><span style="color: black;">marsh grass shrimp are common </span><span style="color: black;">in the western </span><span style="color: black;">Atlantic Ocean</span><span style="color: black;"> from</span><span style="color: black;"> the </span><span style="color: black;">Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of Maine</span><span style="color: black;">. Adults are semi-transparent and grow to less than 5 cm (2.0 in) long, with most individuals on the docks 1-4 cm long (including antennae)</span><span style="color: black;">. They are found clinging to algae and invertebrates on the dock and also can be seen swimming close to the dock. Several species are found along the North American coast: <em>P. pugio, P. vulgaris</em>, and <em>P. intermedius</em><em>. </em></span><em>Palaemonetes pugio and Palaemonetes vulgaris</em> live north of Nantucket Sound and are common in the Gulf of Maine. Morphologically, they are very similar, but can be distinguished by the pattern of spines on the </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">rostrum (Anderson, 1985). The shrimp collected in Wellfleet were identified as <em>P. pugio</em> by examining a group of preserved specimens collected in 2011. The rostrum of all the specimens had a single, long, dagger-like tip characteristic of <em>P. pugio.</em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Small numbers of the larger MIS shrimp <em><a href="http://www.salemsound.org/mis/Palaemon_elegans.pdf" target="_blank">Palaemon elegans</a></em> can sometimes be found cohabitating with <em>Palaemonetes</em> in marinas (first sighted in Gulf of Maine in Salem Sound in 2010, and sighted in 2012 in Provincetown). They are difficult to distinguish when they are about the same size as the smaller <em>Palaemonetes</em>, but larger individuals can clearly be distinguished, especially by the presence of </span><a href="http://www.biopix.nl/Temp/JCS%20Palaemon%20elegans%2035063.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">blue and orange bands</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> on <em>Palaemon's</em> front legs (see below). <em>Palaemon</em> also grows several cm larger and is more colorful than <em>Palaemonetes</em>. So when looking for invasive marine species, populations of <em>Palaemonetes</em> are a good place to start by examining Palaemonid shrimp for blue banded legs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Rostrum of <em>Palaemonetes pugio</em></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <em>Palaemonetes pugio</em> has a dagger-like, pointed rostrum. Black eye pigment had faded to a light gray in these preserved specimens. Two different individuals are shown. Top, rostrum is visible above the antennae and legs. Bottom, clear view of the rostrum was obtained by removing the antennae which usually obscure a clear lateral view of the rostrum. Original images captured using stereozoom 2.0 x 10x objectives.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LINKS:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Ashton GV.</strong> Distrib<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ution and dispersal of the non-native caprellid amphipod, <em>Caprella mutica</em> Schurin 1935</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. <a href="http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440072" target="_blank">Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006</a><em>. </em>(See numerous publications about <em>Caprella mutica </em>by Ashton et al since 2006)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Wiki Webpage on <em>Caprella mutica: </em></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprella_mutica" target="_blank"><em> Japanese skeleton shrimp.</em></a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Native Range of the Japanese Skeleton Shrimp <em>Caprella mutica</em>.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kU96CCwhuo8/USEZ2RRVv5I/AAAAAAAABmU/usqnjqi2v44/s1600/Native_range_of_the_Japanese_skeleton_shrimp_(Caprella_mutica).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kU96CCwhuo8/USEZ2RRVv5I/AAAAAAAABmU/usqnjqi2v44/s1600/Native_range_of_the_Japanese_skeleton_shrimp_(Caprella_mutica).jpg" height="219" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Native range in the Western Pacific along the coasts of Russia, Japan, and Korea. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Native_range_of_the_Japanese_skeleton_shrimp_(Caprella_mutica).png" target="_blank">Circles represent locations where <em>Caprella mutica</em> was found.</a> 1) Peter the Great Bay, 2) Possjet Bay, 3) Olarovsky Cape, 4) Signalny Cape, 5) Sea of Okhotsk, 6) Kunashir Island, 7) Shikotan Island, and 8) Akkeshi Bay.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Rowe, CL. Differences in maintenance energy expenditure by two estuarine shrimp (<em>Palaemonetes pugio</em> and <em>P. vulgaris</em>) that may permit partition of habitats by salinity.</strong> <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643302000430" target="_blank">Comp Biochem Physiol Mol Integr Physiol. 132: 341-351, 2002.</a><strong> </strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Anderson, G. Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico) - Grass Shrimp.</strong> <a href="http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/species_profiles/82_11-035.pdf" target="_blank">US Fish Wildl Serv Biol Rep 82: 19 pp, 1985.</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ND_4h-ReBUs/UTYwl8epPJI/AAAAAAAABtE/yJgUbbcYupg/s1600/Palaemonetes+pugio+diagram+comp+to+vulgaris+3-5-2013+11-37-55+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ND_4h-ReBUs/UTYwl8epPJI/AAAAAAAABtE/yJgUbbcYupg/s1600/Palaemonetes+pugio+diagram+comp+to+vulgaris+3-5-2013+11-37-55+AM.jpg" height="248" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Comparative morphology of different grass shrimp species showing the rostrum of </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><em>Palaemonetes pugio</em> (a) and <em>P. vulgaris</em> (g). <em>P. pugio</em> has a dagger-like, pointed rostrum, whereas the rostrum of <em>P. vulgaris</em> has a multi-spined, serrated tip. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Gosner, KL. A Field Guide to the Atlantic Seashore from the Bay of Fundy to Cape Hatteras.</strong><em> Palaemonetes</em> Species. 234-236, 1978. <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Field-Guide-Atlantic-Seashore-Hatteras/dp/061800209X" target="_blank">The Peterson Field Guides</a>.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Descriptions of <em>P.</em> <em>pugio, P. vulgaris</em>, and <em>P. intermedius.</em> <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=E1UQ9VEX7qAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Web Preview of the Guide</a>. </span></span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dgGJm4yugzo/UU3EvR6BpYI/AAAAAAAABu4/0jD1VAPcfvg/s1600/Palaemonetes+rostrums+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dgGJm4yugzo/UU3EvR6BpYI/AAAAAAAABu4/0jD1VAPcfvg/s1600/Palaemonetes+rostrums+1.jpg" height="126" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Comparative rostrum morphology of the three grass shrimp species found in New England.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>EOL, Encyclopedia of Life:</strong> <a href="http://eol.org/pages/343938/overview" target="_blank"><em>Palaemonetes pugio</em></a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> "The daggerblade grass shrimp, <em>Palaemonetes pugio</em>, is a small transparent to shrimp with a well-developed rostrum bearing several dorsal as well as three distinct ventral teeth, a smooth carapace and abdomen, and two pairs of chelate (claw-bearing) walking legs, the second pair more robust than the first. It has well-developed eyes with globular pigmented corneas and some slight yellow pigmentation in the eyestalks". </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>WoRMS, World Register of Marine Species: </strong><a href="http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=158370" target="_blank"><em>Palaemonetes pugio </em>Hothuis 1949</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>EOL, Encyclopedia of Life:</strong> <a href="http://eol.org/data_objects/23305185" target="_blank"><em>Palaemonetes vulgaris</em></a></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>WoRMS, World Register of Marine Species: </strong><em><a href="http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=158371" target="_blank">Palaemonetes vulgaris (Say, 1818)</a></em></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TmWYXgLNZN4/UTPtgu_ZNdI/AAAAAAAABsc/8F4NltzuvSI/s1600/47574_palaemonetes-vulgaris---marsh-grass-shrimp-4+v2+edit2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TmWYXgLNZN4/UTPtgu_ZNdI/AAAAAAAABsc/8F4NltzuvSI/s1600/47574_palaemonetes-vulgaris---marsh-grass-shrimp-4+v2+edit2.jpg" height="192" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Typical view of semi-transparent </span><a href="http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=image&pic=47574" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><em>Palaemonetes vulgaris</em></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">as seen from above. The pairs of black eyes are one of the most distinctive features.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>EOL, Encyclopedia of Life:</strong> </span><a href="http://eol.org/data_objects/22899737" target="_blank"><em><span style="font-family: Arial;">Palaemon elegans</span></em></a> </div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EUXzDkOf9OA/UTTilhwJWeI/AAAAAAAABs0/AiGgXDhPNoY/s1600/Palaemon+elegans+legs+85699_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EUXzDkOf9OA/UTTilhwJWeI/AAAAAAAABs0/AiGgXDhPNoY/s1600/Palaemon+elegans+legs+85699_orig.jpg" height="130" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Blue and orange bands on legs of the European rock shrimp <em><a href="http://content63.eol.org/content/2012/12/12/09/85699_orig.jpg" target="_blank">Palaemon elegans</a></em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pedersen, J. Invasive Species
Survey Discovers First European Marine Shrimp to Invade North
America. </span><a href="http://invasivespecieseast.blogspot.com/2010_08_01_archive.html" target="_blank">Invasive Species of Eastern USA Blog, August 2010.</a></span></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-7112535279609795422013-02-27T08:15:00.000-05:002013-04-30T19:11:23.007-04:00Cape Cod Bay Monitoring News<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PCCS Releases It's Cape Cod Bay Report</span></span></em></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies <a href="http://www.coastalstudies.org/whats-new/12-04-12.htm" target="_blank">announced the release</a> of its report, entitled "How is Our Bay? <span style="color: #1a2443;">Five Years of Environmental Monitoring of Cape Cod Bay</span>" by Amy Costa and Pat Hughes, on the five-year (2006-2010) analysis of water quality in Cape Cod Bay, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Initiated back in 2006, the Cape Cod Bay Monitoring Program<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> focused on the environmental status of the Bay. Staff scientists and volunteer monitors measured several parameters including temperature, oxygen, chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus, and turbidity. An excess of nitrogen and phosphorous leads to eutrophication of the Bay, which manifests itself by an increase in algae which can be measured by the presence of chlorophyll a. Eutrophication can lead to a decrease in dissolved oxygen which adversely affects marine life. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="glossaryBold">Turbidity r</span>eflects the amount of suspended solids in the water, i.e., the overall clarity, that might be the result of coastal erosion, runoff, waste discharge, or plankton. Increases in turbidity can impede light penetration which is important to submerged vegetation like eelgrasses. Monitoring these parameters o<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ver the 5-year study will provided data that may be used to assess water quality conditions of the Bay on a </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">continuing basis.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The PCCS also monitored specific ecological niches such as the <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">eelgrass habitat and harbors. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eelgrass beds act as a refuge for juvenile fish and shellfish, many of which are commercially important species in the region. Diversity and abundance of marine life is greater in areas that support healthy eelgrass, yet eelgrass beds are quite sensitive to disturbance and pollution. They are also easy to monitor by aerial photography and, therefore, are an ideal habitat to monitor the overall health of the Bay ecosystem. Eelgrass study sites included Plymouth (2 sites), Eastham Flats, Jeremy Point (outside Wellfleet Harbor), and Provincetown.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The PCCS also monitored<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> harbors around the Bay for marine invasive species. In 2007, t</span>he PCCS joined the ongoing Massachusetts statewide CZM marine invasive species monitoring program and reported findings from monitored sites <span lang="JA"><span lang="JA"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">in Sesuit Harbor, Rock Harbor, Wellfleet Marina, Pamet Harbor, and Provincetown. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span> <strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cape Cod Bay Monitoring Stations</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Monitoring Stations along the coastline include (from west to east) Pymouth Harbor / Duxbury Bay, Sandwich Harbor, Barnstable Harbor, Sesuit Harbor, Rock Harbor, Wellfleet Harbor, Pamet Harbor, and Provincetown Harbor. Several offshore sites were also analyzed in the Bay and Nantucket Sound. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Report LINK: Costa, A, and P Hughes. How is Our Bay? </strong></span><span style="color: #1a2443; font-family: TrajanPro-Bold;"><span style="color: #1a2443; font-family: TrajanPro-Bold;"><span style="color: #1a2443; font-family: TrajanPro-Bold;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Five Years of Environmental Monitoring of Cape Cod Bay.</strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Available as a hard copy and at the <a href="http://www.coastalstudies.org/images/HowsOurBay-WEBFINAL-refedit-1.pdf" target="_blank">PCCS coastalstudies website</a>.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-large;"><em>State of Wellfleet Harbor Conference</em></span><br />
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<span style="color: #056892; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #056892; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #056892; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #056892; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #056892; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #056892; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #056892; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #056892; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #056892; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #056892; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Around the same time, Wellfleet hosted a conference on the state of Wellfleet Harbor, which was held on November 3rd, 2012. Some of the topics included are a summary of 10 years of terrapin (turtle) studies, shoreline change in Wellfleet Harbor, shellfish habitat assessment, horseshoe crab management, and understanding the mass strandings of dolphins. <a href="https://www.massaudubon.org/Nature_Connection/Sanctuaries/Wellfleet/news.php?id=1765&event=no" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The 10th Annual Conference, November, 3, 2012</span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wellfleet Harbor viewed from the east end of the Marina looking south-west toward Great Island.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>LINKS: </strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Three Bays Preservation: </strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Live Water Quality Monitoring Program.<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></strong></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.3bays.org/scientific/live-water-monitoring.html" target="_blank">Cape Cod Cooperative Extension</a></span> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: black;">State of Wellfleet Harbor Conference:</span></strong> <a href="https://www.massaudubon.org/PDF/sanctuaries/wellfleet/State-of-Wellfleet-Harbor-Conference.pdf" target="_blank">Program of speakers and presentations</a>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Frankic, A. Oyster Propagation Project in Wellfleet Harbor.</span></strong> <a href="http://www.umb.edu/editor_uploads/images/centers_institutes/greenbostonharbor/wellfleet%20ABSTRACT%20Frankic.pdf" target="_blank">Located on the north side of the marina at the mouth of Duck Creek, the project goal is to enhance oyster populations in the harbor.</a> </span><strong> </strong></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xWZq_tC4JEM/USjAFxviQQI/AAAAAAAABnI/mUXVZGMgRpU/s1600/Wellfleet+Oyster+Project+Frankic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xWZq_tC4JEM/USjAFxviQQI/AAAAAAAABnI/mUXVZGMgRpU/s1600/Wellfleet+Oyster+Project+Frankic.jpg" height="267" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diagram of the Study Site from the Oyster Propagation Project Webpage.</span></div>
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<img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bNZ0lHGxoMg/USjBOdehgZI/AAAAAAAABng/hcP1-4wbxM0/s1600/IMG_1608.JPG" height="300" width="400" /> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photograph of the Spawning Study Area taken at the Exhibit on the North Side of Wellfleet Marina (see sidebar for a photo of the whole exhibit map)</span></div>
<b></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span id="orgName"><strong>Friends of <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Herring River:</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.friendsofherringriver.org/" target="_blank">Information about the restoration of the Herring River in Wellfleet.</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Association to Preserve Cape Cod:</strong> <a href="http://apcc.org/ccwrp.html" target="_blank">Cape Cod Water Resources Restoration Project</a></span>Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-6494350845511464192013-01-30T18:50:00.001-05:002013-01-30T18:50:58.999-05:00Floating Dock Bryopsid Green Algae<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><em>Bryopsis plumosa</em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Any sunny location in a marina is a good place for algae to grow, but the south-facing sides are particularly ideal for a variety of green, red, and brown algae (see Provincetown sidebar photo entitled "Public Dock, South View"). If you are looking for species of green aglae or trying to assess species diversity, it usually means sorting through the vegetation along the water line and on the sides of docks. The usual subjects include the more commonly observed <em>Ulva</em>, <em>Enteromorpha</em>, and filamentous green algae. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Another common green alga seen on floating docks is <em>Bryopsis plumosa, </em>a branched alga with feather-shaped plumes that arise from a rhizoidal holdfast. The growing tip sends out side branches which give the branch a pennate structure. The distinguishing feature of this alga is that it belongs to a group of organisms composed of multinucleated cells referred to as coenocytes. A coenocyte<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> is a </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">multinucleat</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ed </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cell</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> which can result from multiple </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nuclear divisions</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> without </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">accompanying cell division, in contrast to a syncytium which results from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the cell membranes inside the mass. Several groups of fungi and green algae, including the Bryopsid species, are coenocytic. </span>When a <em>Bryopsis</em> branch is damaged or broken, the membrane is punctured and "clotting factors" (specific proteins, organelles and chloroplasts) aggregate at the site of the wound and plug it up. WIthin 15-20 minutes, a gelatinous envelope composed of polysaccharides and lipids develops around the aggregate. A cell membrane and cell wall are subsequently formed around the aggregate as well<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Bryopsis</em> has a two phase life cycle that alternates between the familiar, macroscopic gametophyte and an inconspicuous, microscopic sporophyte. This cycle is distinct from many other green algae, such as <em>Ulva</em>, whose gametophyte and sporophyte look <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">identical. The gametophyte of <em>Bryopsis</em> is coenocytic, but the gametes, spores, and sporophyte are uni-nuclear. The gametes are biflagellated. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition to reproduction from gametes and spores</span>, <em>Bryopsis</em> is also capable of reproduction from algal fragments or extruded protoplasm that lacks a cell wall. When</span> the multinucleated cells of </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Bryopsis </em>are injured, the protoplasm that is extruded from the cells can generate new cells. The coencyte's cell organelles aggregate and secrete a gelatinous envelope and then a cell wall around themselves. Hundreds of cells can be generated from a broken branch, many of which can develop into new plants. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bushy Green </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Algae <em>Bryopsis plumosa</em></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NppjU87URbE/UPsUYYjDhBI/AAAAAAAABbY/_lKi2J_ufFg/s1600/Bryosis+plumosa+Algaebase+y4rSRfGoHSom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NppjU87URbE/UPsUYYjDhBI/AAAAAAAABbY/_lKi2J_ufFg/s1600/Bryosis+plumosa+Algaebase+y4rSRfGoHSom.jpg" height="281" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Image of <a href="http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=10&sk=0&from=results" target="_blank">Bryopsis</a> from the North Western Pacific,</span> Siberia, Russia, March, 2012.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>A Single Plume of <em>Bryopsis plumosa</em></strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jUWWFExABZw/UPNQE1A_sgI/AAAAAAAABZI/EUO3jd5LwoA/s1600/PICT0073+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jUWWFExABZw/UPNQE1A_sgI/AAAAAAAABZI/EUO3jd5LwoA/s400/PICT0073+3.jpg" height="280" width="400" /></a></div>
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The entire plume is a giant multinucleated cell. Side branches can also branch into a feather-like structure. Collected from floating docks at MacMillan Wharf in Provincetown, September, 2012.</div>
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<strong>The Growing Tip of <em>Bryopsis plumosa</em></strong> </div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JKLXxjqb70M/UPNQQEZ83wI/AAAAAAAABZQ/3ci1CfxH7Vc/s1600/untitled027+Green+Algae+Bryopsis3+1X.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JKLXxjqb70M/UPNQQEZ83wI/AAAAAAAABZQ/3ci1CfxH7Vc/s400/untitled027+Green+Algae+Bryopsis3+1X.jpg" height="345" width="400" /></a></div>
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Photomicroscopic image of the the tip and outer branches of <em>Bryopsis plumosa</em> collected in Provincetown, September, 2012. Stereozoom 1 x 10x objective </div>
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<strong>Coenocytic Branches off the Main Branch of <em>Bryopsis plumosa</em></strong> </div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-geO-HfC8yIg/UPNQeOh313I/AAAAAAAABZY/qUJrns9XqJo/s1600/untitled030++Green+Algae+Bryopsis3+4X.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-geO-HfC8yIg/UPNQeOh313I/AAAAAAAABZY/qUJrns9XqJo/s400/untitled030++Green+Algae+Bryopsis3+4X.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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Branches have a homogeneous green appearance that narrows at the junction with the main branch, giving the side branches greater flexibility. Collected in Provincetown, September, 2012. Stereozoom 4 x 10x objective </div>
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<strong>Life Cycle of the Biphasic Green Alga <em>Bryopsis</em></strong></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XXK-ZCBCUdk/UPbpmIJPkMI/AAAAAAAABZo/O5ps-Wtu7s4/s1600/bryopsis_lifecycle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XXK-ZCBCUdk/UPbpmIJPkMI/AAAAAAAABZo/O5ps-Wtu7s4/s1600/bryopsis_lifecycle.jpg" height="305" width="400" /></a><br />
The life cycle of <em>Bryopsis</em> involves the alternation of two heterothallic stages: <a href="http://www.thereeftank.com/mabma/bryopsis_lifecycle.jpg" target="_blank">the familiar, macroscopic gametophyte and the inconspiruous, microscopic sporophyte</a>. <em>Bryopsis</em> can also reproduce by fragmentation of microthalli. </div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PUBLICATIONS AND L</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">INKS:</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>MarLIN: The Marine Life Information Network, Biodiversity & Conservation. </strong></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.marlin.ac.uk/taxonomydescriptions.php" target="_blank">Descriptions of major taxonomic gr<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">oups</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. The life cycle of homothallic green algae such as <em>Ulva</em> is contrasted to <em>Bryopsis</em>.</span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dc5k9FMfiHg/UPbptuT49JI/AAAAAAAABZw/aUTh1sOQ7gM/s1600/Chlorophyta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dc5k9FMfiHg/UPbptuT49JI/AAAAAAAABZw/aUTh1sOQ7gM/s1600/Chlorophyta.jpg" height="273" width="320" /></a> </div>
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<a href="http://www.marlin.ac.uk/images/taxonomy_descriptions/Chlorophyta.jpg" target="_blank">The life cycle of green algae such as <em>Ulva</em> or <em>Enteromorpha</em> involves the alternation of two homothallic stages</a>: the gametophyte and the sporophyte. Both forms look alike. </div>
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<strong>Burr, FA, JA West.</strong> Light and electron microscope observations on the vegetative and reproductive structures of <em>Bryopsis hypnoides</em>. <a href="http://phycologia.org/doi/abs/10.2216/i0031-8884-9-1-17.1" target="_blank">Phycologia 9: 17-37, 1970</a>. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Abstract (excerpt): "The vegetative system of the coenocytic alga <i>Bryopsis hypnoides</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> has a large central vacuole which extends throughout the body of the plant. This vacuole </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">occupies most of the volume of the thallus, leaving only a thin layer of cytoplasm appressed to the cell wall. Numerous evaginations of the vacuole penetrate the cytoplasm. In the mature parts of the thallus the cytoplasm is divided into two definite layers: the outer layer adjacent to the cell wall contains most of the organelles excluding only the chloroplasts, which are present in the inner layer next to the vacuole."</span></div>
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<img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-REGfNpat3K4/UQf0FcwwbfI/AAAAAAAABd4/cFbAhwm--E8/s1600/Bryopsis+hypnoides+1-29-2013+9-52-46+AM.jpg" height="171" width="200" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman,times;"><span class="fontSize2">© <a href="http://phycologia.org/doi/abs/10.2216/i0031-8884-9-1-17.1" style="color: green;" target="_blank"><span style="color: green;">International Phycological Society, Allen Press</span></a></span></span></div>
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<strong>Kim, GH, TA Klotchkova, YM </strong><span style="color: black;"><strong>Kang</strong>. Life without a cell membrane: regeneration of protoplasts from disintegrated cells of the marine green alga <em>Bryopsis plumosa. <span id="goog_1642480496"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1642480495"> </a></em><a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/content/114/11/2009.full.pdf+html" target="_blank">J Cell Sci 114: 2009-2014, 2001</a>.</span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bGfu_gDHbN4/UQVmpo8jdzI/AAAAAAAABdo/pAniUnvqZcc/s1600/1-25-2013+5-23-28+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bGfu_gDHbN4/UQVmpo8jdzI/AAAAAAAABdo/pAniUnvqZcc/s1600/1-25-2013+5-23-28+PM.jpg" height="200" width="165" /></a></div>
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Regeneration of protoplasts from a broken branch.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Takahashi, F, K </strong><span style="color: #292425;"><strong>Yamaguchi, T Hishinuma, H Kataoka</strong>. Mitosis and mitotic wave propagation <span lang="X-NONE">in the coenocytic alga, <em>V</em><span lang="X-NONE"><em>aucheria terrestris</em> sensu Goetz. <span lang="X-NONE"><a href="http://www.ige.tohoku.ac.jp/outou/outou-j/JPR116-381.pdf" target="_blank">J Plant Res 116: 381–387, 2003.</a> (Images of the morphology of coenocytic nuclei and microtubules during the different stages of mitosis in a green alga completely unrelated to <em>Bryopsis</em>)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OjySXc40WVg/UPwYOj6p9KI/AAAAAAAABcI/5haxIBR3L3I/s1600/Coenocyte+Nuclei.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OjySXc40WVg/UPwYOj6p9KI/AAAAAAAABcI/5haxIBR3L3I/s1600/Coenocyte+Nuclei.jpg" /></a><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<span lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Coenocytic nuclei in the growing tip of </span><span style="color: #292425;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Vaucheria terrestris</em> sensu Goetz, another coenocytic alga. a) photomicrograph of a growing tip and b) nuclei in the same region stained with a blue dye.</span></span></span></div>
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<strong>Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute: Marine Botany.</strong> <a href="http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/greens/julia/index.htm" target="_blank"><em>Bryopsis</em> morphology</a><strong>.</strong></div>
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<strong>Algaebase.</strong> <em><a href="http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=8" target="_blank">Bryopsis</a>.</em><em> </em>Description of the genus.</div>
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<strong>Algaebase. </strong> <em><a href="http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=10&sk=0&from=results" target="_blank">Bryopsis plumosa</a>. </em><em> </em>Database on the species.</div>
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<strong>The Reef <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tank: Marine Benthic Macro-Algae (MaBMA) Catalogue.</span></strong> <a href="http://www.thereeftank.com/mabma/genus_bryopsis.html" target="_blank">Bryopsis</a>. Description of species and life cycle.</div>
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<strong>University of Hamburg Biology Website:</strong> Morphological Diversity within the Algae. <a href="http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/uwi/scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/bl14apl/algae2.htm" target="_blank">Descriptions of the structure of coenocytic algae like <em>Bryopsis</em> and parenchymatous algae like <em>Ulva</em> or <em>Enteromorpha</em></a>.<strong> </strong></div>
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<strong>Queen's University Belfast Biology Website: Morphogenesis in the Green Algae. </strong><a href="http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofBiologicalSciences/People/DrJHBothwell/Research/ReproductionDevelopment/" target="_blank">Ulva and Enteromorpha</a>.</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-isk1h9llzxU/UPiL59Ox2MI/AAAAAAAABaE/cKbUCMZtIpc/s1600/Ulva+vs+Enteromorpha+Imagesource%252C297289%252Cen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-isk1h9llzxU/UPiL59Ox2MI/AAAAAAAABaE/cKbUCMZtIpc/s1600/Ulva+vs+Enteromorpha+Imagesource%252C297289%252Cen.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofBiologicalSciences/People/DrJHBothwell/Research/ReproductionDevelopment/Imagesource,297289,en.jpg" target="_blank">Growth of parenchymatous green algae</a> from a single progenitor cells by cell division into multicellular sheet or tube. </div>
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<strong>Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science: Tampa Bay Reports.</strong> <a href="http://gulfsci.usgs.gov/tampabay/reports/seagrass/plate1.html" target="_blank">Characterization of Epiphytes on Seagrass in Tampa Bay.</a> </div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-37CYmMB-cik/UPiMEvdGbzI/AAAAAAAABaM/UbYDHmF0p64/s1600/enteromorpha+fig1-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-37CYmMB-cik/UPiMEvdGbzI/AAAAAAAABaM/UbYDHmF0p64/s1600/enteromorpha+fig1-3.jpg" height="177" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://gulfsci.usgs.gov/tampabay/reports/seagrass/images/fig1-3.jpg" target="_blank"><em>Enteromorpha</em></a> showing 1) macroscopic structure, 2) cross section showing single cells, and 3) surface view. </div>
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<strong>Algaebase. </strong>Description of Ulva species:<strong> </strong><a href="http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=933&sk=0&from=results" target="_blank"><em>Ulva rigida</em></a>.</div>
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<img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tHk4cpO929g/UPiRhyk9gEI/AAAAAAAABbI/FFiJkhVU0BE/s1600/Algaebase+Ulva+rigida+kBrYXX93u7bY.jpg" height="136" width="320" /></div>
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Microscopic section through an <a href="http://www.algaebase.org/_mediafiles/algaebase/5B7BE95A076ca2AB4EnVt2C86037/kBrYXX93u7bY.jpg" target="_blank"><em>Ulva</em> species showing 2 cellular layers</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">containing chloroplasts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Marevita - Algues et Plantes Marines - Chlorophyta: </strong><em><a href="http://www.marevita.org/donnees/Algues%20et%20plantes%20marines/Chlorophyta/Bryopsidophyceae/Bryopsidales/Bryopsidaceae/Bryopsis/Bryopsis%20plumosa/" target="_blank">Bryopsis plumosa</a>. </em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>WoRMS: World Registry of Marine Species. </strong><em><a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=144457" target="_blank">Bryopsis plumosa</a> (</em>Hudson) C. Agardh, 1823.</span></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-3077845356420498432012-12-30T20:33:00.000-05:002018-06-02T14:31:55.700-04:00Branching Bryozoa and Red Algae<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><em>Bugula neritina</em> and <em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">One of the issues facing a biologist out in the field when trying to identify marine species is matching the photographs in guides with what is seen with fresh material. Guides do not give examples of all the different morphological or color variants. Nor do they show the appearance of species at different ages (sizes) or stages of the life cycle. In my experience, an unfamiliar species may require a few occasions to sort out the distinctions. This was the case for me with <em>Bugula neritina.</em> It has an algae-like, bushy growth pattern and is sometimes not abundant enough to form an immediate identification. Using a 30x or 40x <a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2011/11/helpful-monitoring-accessories.html" target="_blank">hand lens</a> in the field or bringing samples back to the lab for microscopic confirmation have been a big help. In due time, the identification process gets refined.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Among the red algaes, <em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em> is one species that can cause confusion when attempting to identify <em>Bugula neritina</em>, especially when the specimens are young (only a few cm in height) and neither of them has developed reproductive structures. Side by side in a collection tray, the macroscopic differences can be easily discerned. Under a microscope, however, the structural differences are crystal clear. <em>Bugula</em> has serrated edges and alternating biserial growth. It is an animal with moving, feeding lophophores that contract down into their enclosures at the slightest disturbance and then slowly reappear to resume feeding (very entertaining). <em>Neosiphonia</em> is a plant that has smooth, striped, non-moving branches (thalli) with pointed tips. Each of the two species has unique, visible reproductive structures. <em>Bugula</em> <span style="color: black;">has white </span><a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012/11/mis-branching-bryozoan.html" target="_blank">ovicells</a> along mature branches, whereas <em>Neosiphonia</em> has pod-like carposporangia, both of which can been seen with the naked eye or hand lens.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em>, previously classified as <em>Polysiphonia harveyi</em> (Choi et al, 2001), is a multicellular red alga with two macroscopic phases to its life cycle: a haploid, reproductive structure that produces gametes and a diploid form that produces spores for asexual reproduction. The multicellullar branches in both stages of <em>Polysiphonia</em> and <em>Neosiphonia</em> species are composed of 5 primary cells in cross section, one central and 4 peripheral (see Algaebase link below). Both stages look the same, i.e. they are isomorphic, and in <em>Neosiphonia</em>, the male and female structures are produced on the same plant. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Bugula neritina</i> and <i>Neosiphonia harveyi </i>with Similar </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Appearance and </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Size</b> </span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ek5Vn-ocqEs/ULpPVDBogII/AAAAAAAABLM/zcTvlvoDuLU/s1600/Bugula+&+Neosiphonia+SeaLife+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ek5Vn-ocqEs/ULpPVDBogII/AAAAAAAABLM/zcTvlvoDuLU/s1600/Bugula+&+Neosiphonia+SeaLife+3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wine red specimens of <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Bugula neritina</i> (left) and <em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em> (right) collected from MacMillan Wharf in Provincetown, September, 2012. Both the bryozoan and red alga branch with a similar bifurcating pattern, but branches of <em>Bugula</em> appear thicker and serrated.<em> Neosiphonia</em> has a filamentous appearance but is actually composed of multicellular thalli (red algal fronds). Neither specimen has conspicuous reproductive structures.</span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Microscopic View of Terminal Branches of </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bugula neritina</i></strong></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ySqtlIxy81I/UM4AlpanKUI/AAAAAAAABW4/SPLeIJhhZLE/s1600/untitled012+Bugula+neritina+4X.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ySqtlIxy81I/UM4AlpanKUI/AAAAAAAABW4/SPLeIJhhZLE/s1600/untitled012+Bugula+neritina+4X.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Alternating zooids along the branch of <em>Bugula</em> with a cluster of feeding lophophores at the terminal end. Each branch is two rows of zooids wide. Serrated edges and alternating zooids can be with a hand lens. Lophophores can also be seen with a lens on resting colonies in a shallow dish. Stereozoom 4 x 10x objective.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Microscopic Views of </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Thalli</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> of</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Neosiphonia harveyi</i></b></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tfhP8M5hXTA/UMPPJietXdI/AAAAAAAABRA/XvK0I6at0dU/s1600/untitled006+Neosiphonia+harveyi+v2+4.5X.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tfhP8M5hXTA/UMPPJietXdI/AAAAAAAABRA/XvK0I6at0dU/s1600/untitled006+Neosiphonia+harveyi+v2+4.5X.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SUklZPYpD5E/UMPPYUNeQ8I/AAAAAAAABRI/l2Ic0jRxOtA/s1600/untitled010+Neosiphonia+harveyi+v2+4X.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SUklZPYpD5E/UMPPYUNeQ8I/AAAAAAAABRI/l2Ic0jRxOtA/s1600/untitled010+Neosiphonia+harveyi+v2+4X.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"> Specimen was collected from Provincetown, September, 2012. The segmented branches have red longitudinal and inter-segment bands. This structure can be seen with a 30x hand lens. Branch ends taper to a tip. Stereozoom 4.5 (upper) and 4.0 (lower) x 10x objective.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial";"><em>Neosiphonia harveyii</em> Thalli with Carposporangia</span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oQ-0iWdghAE/UMk4865qwhI/AAAAAAAABUY/Ck5VoRi63n4/s1600/untitled005+Neosiphonia+harveyi+4X+072811+v3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oQ-0iWdghAE/UMk4865qwhI/AAAAAAAABUY/Ck5VoRi63n4/s1600/untitled005+Neosiphonia+harveyi+4X+072811+v3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";">Specimen was collected from Wellfleet, July, 2011. Carposporangia containing the newly fertilized (diploid) carposporophyte are located on short branches off the thallus. The carposporophyte produces carpospores which are released into the sea water. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong><em>Neosiphonia harveyii</em> Growing as an Epiphyte on <em>Grateloupia turuturu</em></strong></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I6MwHCN-2AY/ULuVsHJKhsI/AAAAAAAABMc/3itTqMFXx0Y/s1600/Red+Algae+Grateloupia+turturu+&+Neosiphonia+SeaLife.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I6MwHCN-2AY/ULuVsHJKhsI/AAAAAAAABMc/3itTqMFXx0Y/s1600/Red+Algae+Grateloupia+turturu+&+Neosiphonia+SeaLife.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em> can be found growing as an epiphyte on several different algae. Here it is seen on the MIS invasive species <em>Grateloupia turuturu</em>, which is becoming more common in the Gulf of Maine, especially in late summer. From MacMillan Wharf, Provincetown, September 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">L</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">INKS:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>MarLIN: The Marine Life Information Network, Biodiversity & Conservation.</strong> </span><a href="http://www.marlin.ac.uk/taxonomydescriptions.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Descriptions of major taxonomic groups</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iFk3RkKPd6U/UM9WwBGFq5I/AAAAAAAABXg/6syCuQN1nl4/s1600/Rhodophyta+life+cycle+diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iFk3RkKPd6U/UM9WwBGFq5I/AAAAAAAABXg/6syCuQN1nl4/s1600/Rhodophyta+life+cycle+diagram.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The life cycle of red algae involves the alternation of three stages: the gametophyte, the carposporophyte, and the tetrasporophyte. Typical red algae have separate male and female gametophytes, but <em>Neosiphonia</em> has both on the same plant. The carposporophyte is microscopic and attached to the gametophyte.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>WoRMS: World Registry of Marine Species.</strong> </span><a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=233888" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=233888" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em> (J.W.Bailey) M.-S. Kim, H.-G. Choi, M.D. Guiry & G.W. Saunders, 2001</span></a>. </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>Algaebase. </strong> <a href="http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=36714&sk=10" target="_blank"><em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em> (J.W. Bailey)</a><em>. </em>Database of information on algae, especially marine algae.</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="188" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Kfg2UANZWuE/UL_eRjqnxaI/AAAAAAAABPg/4CWE6Mi5la0/s1600/h5VwBaDq5X6W.jpg" width="200" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Colorized cross section through a thallus showing cellular structure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>Plant Physiology Information Website by Ross E Koning:</strong> </span><a href="http://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/rhodophyta.shtml" target="_blank">Kingdom Rhodophyta: <em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em></a><strong><em>.</em></strong> The life cycle is described and well illustrated.</span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bVVRW_d23WE/UMXw4PMn9QI/AAAAAAAABSw/ZLl7Pe6EciU/s1600/polysiphonia_carposporangia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bVVRW_d23WE/UMXw4PMn9QI/AAAAAAAABSw/ZLl7Pe6EciU/s1600/polysiphonia_carposporangia.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Carposporangia on haploid plants contain a microscopic diploid carposporophyte after fertilization.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong>Marevita (Sea Life) -<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Algues et Plantes Marines - Rhodophyta:</span></strong> <a href="http://www.marevita.org/donnees/Algues%20et%20plantes%20marines/Rhodophyta/Florideophycidae/Ceramiales/Rhodomelaceae/Neosiphonia/Neosiphonia%20harveyi/" target="_blank">Neosiphonia harveyi</a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong><em> </em></strong></span><img border="0" height="131" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9l83nMDHShU/ULolqpzsWUI/AAAAAAAABKo/4LOdGgfaRYE/s1600/07_pol_har_t_pm_ar.jpg" width="200" /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-h_hppjXLdE8/UMdLB6PjFgI/AAAAAAAABTo/kkad03Tmtzc/s1600/05_pol_har_f_pm_ar+v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-h_hppjXLdE8/UMdLB6PjFgI/AAAAAAAABTo/kkad03Tmtzc/s1600/05_pol_har_f_pm_ar+v2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.marevita.org/donnees/Algues%20et%20plantes%20marines/Rhodophyta/Florideophycidae/Ceramiales/Rhodomelaceae/Neosiphonia/Neosiphonia%20harveyi/07_pol_har_t_pm_ar.jpg" target="_blank">Tetrasporangia</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> spiral along the diploid thallus. <a href="http://www.marevita.org/donnees//Algues%20et%20plantes%20marines/Rhodophyta/Florideophycidae/Ceramiales/Rhodomelaceae/Neosiphonia/Neosiphonia%20harveyi/05_pol_har_f_pm_ar.jpg" target="_blank">Carposporangia</a> are produced on short stalks off the haploid thallus. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Photo credit: Andre Rio)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>PUBLICATIONS</strong>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Choi, H-G, M-S Kim, MD Guiry, and GW Saunders.</b> Phylogenetic relationships of <i>Polysiphonia</i> (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) and its relatives based on anatomical and nuclear small-subunit rDNA sequence data. <a href="http://algaebase.org/pdf/AC100CF1056c014140OLQ22C3EDA/Choi_et_al.2001.Polysiphonia.pdf" target="_blank">Canadian Journal of Botany 79: 1465-1476, 2001</a>.</span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_yNnS3eZO8I/UL45kRmwyxI/AAAAAAAABNA/mQNdCGQEsZc/s1600/12-4-2012+12-55-37+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_yNnS3eZO8I/UL45kRmwyxI/AAAAAAAABNA/mQNdCGQEsZc/s1600/12-4-2012+12-55-37+PM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.algaebase.org/pdf/AC100CF1056c014140OLQ22C3EDA/Choi_et_al.2001.Polysiphonia.pdf" target="_blank">Morphological features</a> of the A) thallus, B) rhizoid, C) carpogonium D<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">) spermatangia, and</span> E) tetraspores of i) <em>Polysiphonia,</em> iii) <em>Neosiphonia, and ii)</em> a multicentral relative.</span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jmypIVOvkzE/UL-BT-MkIII/AAAAAAAABOM/BYY2do06B7w/s1600/12-5-2012+9-21-59+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jmypIVOvkzE/UL-BT-MkIII/AAAAAAAABOM/BYY2do06B7w/s1600/12-5-2012+9-21-59+AM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.algaebase.org/pdf/AC100CF1056c014140OLQ22C3EDA/Choi_et_al.2001.Polysiphonia.pdf" target="_blank">Phylogenic relationships and reclassification</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> of <em>Polysiphonia harveyi</em> as </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Neosiphonia harveyi</em> based on </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">morphological criteria</span></div>
<span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advot573e0ae2";"><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advot573e0ae2";"><span style="color: #292526; font-family: "advot573e0ae2";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mathieson AC, JR Pederson, CD Neefus, CJ Dawes</span>, and TL Bray.</b> Multiple assessments of introduced seaweeds in the Northwest </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Atlantic. <a href="http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/65/5/730.full.pdf" target="_blank">ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 730–741, 2008</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-66330516611313557122012-11-26T18:29:00.000-05:002018-05-31T16:20:42.388-04:00MIS Branching Bryozoan<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="dropcap"><em><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bugula neritina</span></em> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial";">Bryozoans are tiny colonial invertebrates that feed with a tentacled <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">structure called a lophophore that filters food particles out of sea water. Bryozoan colonies</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> grow either laterally as broad encrusting mats or vertically as upright, branching bushes. In the Gulf of Maine, e</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";">ncrusting species include the MIS invasive species <em>Membranipora membranacea</em> <a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012/02/mis-encrusting-bryozoan.html" target="_blank">(February, 2012)</a> and the native <em>Electra pilosa</em> <a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012/03/identifying-native-encrusting-bryozoan.html" target="_blank">(March, 2012)</a>. Several upright, branching Byozoan species can also be found, including several beige native species of <em>Bugula</em> (e.g., <em>Bugula simplex</em> and <em>Bugula turrita</em>) and the wine-red Pacific coast species <em>Bugula neritina, </em>which is commonly found in floating dock communities <a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012/10/mis-floating-dock-community.html" target="_blank">(October, 2012)</a> growing among algae and other invertebrates. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The branching colony is formed by the upright growth of feeding individuals called zooids that </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">are enclosed in a calcareous box called the zooecium.<em> </em>Each branch of the colony is made up of a double row of zooecia and all the zooecia face in the same direction. The two rows in a branch are staggered, so that the top of one zooecium comes to about the middle of the one next to it. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A single zooecium has a flexible membrane, and it bears no spines, although the upper, outer corner of the zooecium is pointed. Other species of <em>Bugula</em> bear distinctive, bird-head shaped structures with a jaw-like element that opens and closes, that are called avicularia. However, <em>Bugula neritina</em> has none. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>Underwater Photograph of a Colony of <em>Bugula neritina</em></strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zfkBqYqB55s/UIR6fnLlOYI/AAAAAAAABA0/JK_KxrJNT5E/s1600/5-25-2012+2-09-16+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zfkBqYqB55s/UIR6fnLlOYI/AAAAAAAABA0/JK_KxrJNT5E/s1600/5-25-2012+2-09-16+PM.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://farm2.staticflickr.com/1042/1460265715_4401236296_z.jpg" target="_blank"><em>Bugula neritina</em> with purplish-red color</a> showing branching pattern of the colony. The branches have serrated edges from alternating zooids and bifurcate at regular intervals resulting in a uniformly branching structure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong>Microscopic View of Zooid Lophophores and White Ovicells</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-veqvzzwhWFo/UIR6uHLCYvI/AAAAAAAABA8/fAMia83Mq0I/s1600/b_neritina_lg_e+071811.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="331" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-veqvzzwhWFo/UIR6uHLCYvI/AAAAAAAABA8/fAMia83Mq0I/s1600/b_neritina_lg_e+071811.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="http://www.exoticsguide.org/sites/default/files/species_images/b_neritina_lg_e.jpg" target="_blank">Microscopic view of <em>Bugula neritina</em></a> showing translucent red zooids and numerous white ovicells. Zooids and ovicells face toward the front. The flaring, wine-glass-shaped lophophore has 23 tentacles that are arranged around the mouth. Each zooid produces a single embryo at a time, which is brooded in the ovicell. The ovicells are conspicuous and often abundant, appearing as numerous small white beads concentrated in the mature parts of the colony.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial";">Diagram of a Generalized Branching Bryozoan showing Anatomy of the Zooid</span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Va3mlp7Wv_4/UIR8DhFJ0fI/AAAAAAAABBU/-1fs4eaqC8Y/s1600/bryozoa65La_x550_x_506x+Bugula+diagram.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="367" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Va3mlp7Wv_4/UIR8DhFJ0fI/AAAAAAAABBU/-1fs4eaqC8Y/s1600/bryozoa65La_x550_x_506x+Bugula+diagram.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/images/bryozoa65La_x550_x_506x.gif" target="_blank">Diagram of an upright bryozoan</a> showing the relationship between the anatomy of the zooid and the exoskeletal branches. </span><span style="font-family: "arial";">The lophophore tentacles are covered with cilia arranged along the inner faces and sides. When feeding, the lophophore is fully extended. Currents produced by the beating of the cilia carry food particles (primarily microscopic plankton) down along the tentacles to the mouth.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial";">Diagram of Feeding (left) and Retracted (right) Upright Bryozoan </span></strong> </div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y3Idjs1nCPo/UIR56sHFq2I/AAAAAAAABAs/SNyYXMp5zoc/s1600/nielsen_cycl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y3Idjs1nCPo/UIR56sHFq2I/AAAAAAAABAs/SNyYXMp5zoc/s1600/nielsen_cycl.jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.bryozoa.net/nielsen_cycl.jpg" target="_blank">Mechanism of feeding and retraction by upright bryozoans</a>. When feeding, the lophophore is fully extended and moves around in the water. The body remains inside the enclosure. When disturbed, the lophophore rapidly closes into a tube and the retractor muscles attached to the base of the lophophore pull the zooid into its enclosure. </span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial";">Diagram of the Life Cycle of an Upright Bryozoan </span></strong> </div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-44ymMQxSg00/UIR9soDHY3I/AAAAAAAABBc/_wPSyYPuVA4/s1600/ismej200778f1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-44ymMQxSg00/UIR9soDHY3I/AAAAAAAABBc/_wPSyYPuVA4/s1600/ismej200778f1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";">The <a href="http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v1/n8/images/ismej200778f1.jpg" target="_blank">life cycle</a> of an upright bryozoan. <em>Bugula neritina</em> zooids are hermaphroditic. Zooids release eggs around the middle of their lifespan but don't release sperm until near the end, thus preventing self-fertilization. When released from the ovicell, the non-feeding larvae settle onto hard surfaces within a few hours and metamorphose into the adult form. The initial upright feeding zooid, called the ancestrula, buds off other feeding zooids (autozooids), which in turn bud off others, enlarging the colony. The base of the colony forms a tubular holdfast with specialized non-feeding zooids (heterozooids) that attach to the substrate and also generate new branches.</span> </div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial";">Branch of a Young Colony of <em>Bugula neritina</em> </span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jwK_BHc9M7M/UIR7kWKOBNI/AAAAAAAABBM/Zv_J_0VXElA/s1600/0385+Bugula+neritina+100pct.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jwK_BHc9M7M/UIR7kWKOBNI/AAAAAAAABBM/Zv_J_0VXElA/s1600/0385+Bugula+neritina+100pct.jpg" width="243" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=4444+4444+0910+0385" target="_blank">A single branch of <em>Bugula neritina</em> like the one shown in the life cycle diagram above</a>. A few ovicells can be seen on branches on the right side of the colony. A short, second branch is growing from the holdfast. </span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial";">Diagram of the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Branching Patterns of <em>Bugula</em> species </span></strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q1roNlmN60A/UIZ-uIaNvWI/AAAAAAAABCE/SCxrzxwdmp0/s1600/10-12-2012+10-21-22+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q1roNlmN60A/UIZ-uIaNvWI/AAAAAAAABCE/SCxrzxwdmp0/s1600/10-12-2012+10-21-22+AM.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://140.247.235.148/Publications/pubs/Bulletin_2008_1593_2449.pdf" target="_blank">Diagram of three different biserial branching patterns found in <em>Bugula</em> species</a> as seen from the basal (rear) side. Left, Branching with no transitional zone. Middle, branching with a single transitional row of 4 zooids. Right, branching with 2 transitional rows of 4 zooids before returning to biserial growth.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Scanning Electron Micrograph</span> of a Branch of <em>Bugula neritina</em></span></strong> </div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DTEn4gdqtAs/UIR5uF1rWWI/AAAAAAAABAk/kNHUA_nNLVs/s1600/10-12-2012+10-26-06+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DTEn4gdqtAs/UIR5uF1rWWI/AAAAAAAABAk/kNHUA_nNLVs/s1600/10-12-2012+10-26-06+AM.jpg" width="232" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="http://140.247.235.148/Publications/pubs/Bulletin_2008_1593_2449.pdf" target="_blank">SEM view of the exoskeleton of a branch seen from the front side</a>. With the soft tissues and frontal membranes removed, the interior spaces of the enclosures can be viewed. <em>Bugula neritina</em> lacks spines but has a pointed outer corner that is well-illustrated by the zooecia on the left branch. </span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial";">Photograph of <em>Bugula neritina</em> Collected in Provincetown </span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6WR5mkpKJMQ/UIRqrKrn49I/AAAAAAAAA_c/pZBdeVY52w4/s1600/Bugula+neritina+Canon+S50+v4final.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6WR5mkpKJMQ/UIRqrKrn49I/AAAAAAAAA_c/pZBdeVY52w4/s1600/Bugula+neritina+Canon+S50+v4final.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";">Two wine-red color variants of <em>Bugula neritina</em> collected from MacMillan Wharf in September, 2012. Most of the colonies on the docks were 2-3 cm in height indicating that the larvae had settle during a similar period of time earlier in the summer.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial";">Stereomicroscopic Image of Feeding Zooids with Lophophores Extended</span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6zdogfkL19Q/UIR4juAtHGI/AAAAAAAABAU/Z4_RO0bBpV0/s1600/untitled026+Bugula+4X+v3+final.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6zdogfkL19Q/UIR4juAtHGI/AAAAAAAABAU/Z4_RO0bBpV0/s1600/untitled026+Bugula+4X+v3+final.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Stereomicroscopic view of several terminal zooids from a colony collected in Provincetown. The zooids have wine-red lophophores. The blue-orange lophophore is a double-exposure image of a zooid in motion. Individual zooecia are clearly seen alternating along the branches. Stereozoom 4.0 x 10x objective.</span> </div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Photograph</span> of Beige Bryozoan Species Collected in Provincetown </span></strong> </div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sCjbu3x0eBQ/UIR4c3gCJ2I/AAAAAAAABAM/x2kjm8EFm8c/s1600/Bugula+simplex+Canon+S50+v2+final.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sCjbu3x0eBQ/UIR4c3gCJ2I/AAAAAAAABAM/x2kjm8EFm8c/s1600/Bugula+simplex+Canon+S50+v2+final.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Beige bryozoan species collected from MacMillan Wharf in September, 2012. The beige colonies were approximately the same size as the red colonies. The colony was not identified down to species. The native <em><span id="goog_1925604717"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/">Bugula simplex<span id="goog_1925604718"></span></a></em> is a common bryozoan and is fan shaped but has thicker, <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=image&pic=12799" target="_blank">triserially growing branches</a>. <em><a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=159783" target="_blank">Bugula turrita</a></em> grows in spiral whorls which are clearly evident w</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">hen colonies are large.</span> [<b>2018 UPDATE:</b> This species has been subsequently been identified as <i>Tricellaria inopinata</i>.]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">LINKS:</span></strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.mass.gov/czm/invasives/docs/invaders/b_neritina.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Guide to Marine Invaders in the Gulf of Maine: <em>Bugula neritina</em> ID Card</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.exoticsguide.org/bugula_neritina" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Exotics Guide, Non-Native Marine Species of the North American Pacific Coast: <em>Bugula nerintina</em></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/bugula_neriti.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce: <em>Bugula neritina</em></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=111158" target="_blank">WoRMS World Registry of Marine Species: <em>Bugula neritina</em></a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">PUBLICATIONS:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Winston, JE, and RM Woolacott. Redescription and revision of some red-pigmented Bugula <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">species. </span><a href="http://140.247.235.148/Publications/pubs/Bulletin_2008_1593_2449.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 159: 179-212, 2008.</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ryland, JS, JDD Bishop, H De Blauwe, A El Nagar, D Minchin, CA Wood, ALE </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Yunnie. Alien species of <em>Bugula</em> (Bryozoa) along the Atlantic coasts of Europe. <a href="http://www.vliz.be/imis/imis.php?module=ref&refid=206248" target="_blank">Aquatic Invasions 6:17-31, 2011.</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">WEB</span> PHOTO FAV:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=0000+0000+0705+0195" target="_blank"><em>Bugula neritina</em>: Lovell and Libby Langstroth Collection at the California Academy of Sciences.</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WRK7meAlf4I/UK6e-R4RyBI/AAAAAAAABIw/VXQSIpXz8Qs/s1600/0195_test_for_size+50pct75pct.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WRK7meAlf4I/UK6e-R4RyBI/AAAAAAAABIw/VXQSIpXz8Qs/s1600/0195_test_for_size+50pct75pct.jpg" width="132" /></a></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-43915724423101890762012-10-30T16:00:00.000-04:002013-03-01T11:17:44.259-05:00MIS Floating Dock Community<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bcf4u8kNULM/UIfzSo8HyuI/AAAAAAAABDU/B_7n5RL2-ZE/s1600/1-s2_0-S0278434307001744-gr4+v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bcf4u8kNULM/UIfzSo8HyuI/AAAAAAAABDU/B_7n5RL2-ZE/s1600/1-s2_0-S0278434307001744-gr4+v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bcf4u8kNULM/UIfzSo8HyuI/AAAAAAAABDU/B_7n5RL2-ZE/s1600/1-s2_0-S0278434307001744-gr4+v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bcf4u8kNULM/UIfzSo8HyuI/AAAAAAAABDU/B_7n5RL2-ZE/s1600/1-s2_0-S0278434307001744-gr4+v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">Ascidians Claiming Space</span></div>
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On my last visit to Provincetown, I obtained a nice photograph of an invertebrate marine floating dock community at MacMillan Wharf - a shaded section of a float that was facing north, under a dock overhang, that had ascidians and other invertebrates growing together. The upper few inches lacked a border of algae along the waterline that is characteristic of sunny locations. It was a scene of moderate growth, before the species had a chance to completely overgrow each other into a mass of organisms (an enlargment of the whole photo is showing in the footer at the bottom of the blog).<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Community of Invertebrates Below the Water Line</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W29z8K8nWOw/UHr9_rH-UXI/AAAAAAAAA9Q/QLnddL30m44/s1600/Styela+shaded+floating+dock+community+S50+%233+panorama.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W29z8K8nWOw/UHr9_rH-UXI/AAAAAAAAA9Q/QLnddL30m44/s400/Styela+shaded+floating+dock+community+S50+%233+panorama.jpg" height="170" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Species that are easily identified in the photo or enlargements:</span></div>
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<li><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Styela clava</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, one large individual 8-10 cm long cloaked in </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Didemnum vexillum</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and several smaller individuals about 3-5 cm long growing along the waterline. </span></li>
<li><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Didemnum vexillum</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - Beige areas on the float, growing over <em>Styela</em> and other species. </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Didemnum</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> was less abundant in 2012 than 2011. This float was one location in the marina where <i>Didemnum</i> was well-established and living together with <i>Diplosoma</i>.</span></li>
<li><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diplosoma listerianum -</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Grey-colored, flat colonies that grow on the float and over </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Styela. Diplosoma </i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">was the the most abundant ascidian in Provincetown in 2012, growing on many surfaces that were dominated by <i>Didemnum</i> last year.</span></li>
<li><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Botrylloides violaceus - </i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Various small colonies, some tiny, in at least 2 shades of orange. Present everywhere but usually in limited discrete colonies. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><em>Botryllus schlosseri - </em>A single colony can be seen in the enlargement below. </span></li>
<li><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bugula neritina - </i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A single wine-red colony about 2 cm high in the left center, immediately below a light-orange </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Botrylloides.</i></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left;"> A single <a href="http://www.tunicarium.com/Botryllus.html" target="_blank">mosaic-patterned colony</a> of <em>Botryllus schlosseri</em> (left bottom) and a row of 5 <em>Styela </em>individuals (right) line up al<span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left;">ong t</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left;">he water line. The first 4 <i>Styela</i> have clean, brown tunics whereas the 5th one on the right is partly covered by </span></span><i style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left;">Diplosoma</i><span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left;">Palaemonid shrimp can also be seen in the photo with pairs of flash-induced "white-eye" of their normally black eyes. There are 5 pairs of eyes in the photo</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left;"> (1 on the left side of the large <em>Styela</em> and 4 lined-up on the right). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left;">This year, a few <em><a href="http://www.salemsound.org/mis/Palaemon_elegans.pdf" target="_blank">Palaemon elegans</a></em>, an MIS shrimp with <a href="http://www.itameriportaali.fi/en/tietoa/tulokaslajit/en_GB/palaemon/" target="_blank">blue-banded legs</a> that is<a href="http://www.salemsound.org/calendar.html#October" target="_blank"> spreading throughout the Gulf of Maine</a>, were seen at MacMillan Wharf.</span></div>
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Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-36758782952878994132012-10-28T10:48:00.000-04:002012-10-28T10:48:55.572-04:00Measuring Salinity of Seawater<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mD7JQHylHnw/UHL_A2lbWPI/AAAAAAAAA48/oX0I_pMVBYs/s1600/Seawater+Table+t01002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Bring along the Refractometer</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seawater in the world's oceans has a </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">salinity</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> of about 35 parts per thousand. Although the vast majority of <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">seawater has a salinity of between 31 and 38 ppt, seawater is not uniformly saline throughout the world. Where mixing occurs with fresh water runoff from the mouths of rivers or near melting glaciers, seawater can be substantially diluted. The most saline water is located at areas w</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">here high rates of </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">evaporation and</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> low levels of </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">precipitation, r</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">iver inflow, and circulation result in salty water (e.g. the Mediterranean and Red Seas). Seawater is primarily composed of the positive ions Sodium (Na<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>+</sup></span>), Magnesium (Mg<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>+</sup></span>), Calcium (Ca<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>+</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>+</sup></span>), and Potassium (K<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>+</sup></span>), and the negative ions<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Chloride (Cl<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>-</sup></span>) and Sulfate (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SO<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>4</sub><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><sup>-2</sup></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">).</span> </span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial;">Table of the Relative Amounts of Salts in Seawater</span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cIVVpemPSiM/UIf7BtLJSpI/AAAAAAAABEE/SpdkzouG3tQ/s1600/Seawater+Table+t01002+Paint+v3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cIVVpemPSiM/UIf7BtLJSpI/AAAAAAAABEE/SpdkzouG3tQ/s1600/Seawater+Table+t01002+Paint+v3.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The salinity of seawater is determined with a refractometer, a laboratory or field device for the measurement of any aqueous solution using its </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">index of refraction</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. They are commonly used in science, medicine, brewing, and beverage production. A different kind of refractometer is needed for each application, including seawater salinity. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In clinical medicine, a refractometer is used to measure protein concentration in human fluids such as urine, and in the food industry, a brix refractometer is used to measure the concentration of sugar in beverages. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In marine aquarium keeping, a refractometer is used to </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">measure the salinity and specific gravity of aquarium water. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A seawater refractometer can be obtained online from a biological research laboratory supply company or retail stores that sell s<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">alt water aquarium supplies.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Hand-Held Refractometer</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rC2yhG2M_Lg/UHL_enqHeNI/AAAAAAAAA5E/H36s9LuKwwQ/s1600/Refractometer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rC2yhG2M_Lg/UHL_enqHeNI/AAAAAAAAA5E/H36s9LuKwwQ/s1600/Refractometer.jpg" style="cursor: move;" unselectable="on" /></a><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W4IjIq_E03E/T854t8seHrI/AAAAAAAAAkA/Qux_kFvpcUQ/s200/refractometer_salinity_scale_L.jpg" width="200" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This refractometer measures salinity from 0 to 100 parts per thousand. Left, held like a telescope, a sample of seawater is placed in the chamber and salinity is determined on a s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cale seen through the refractometer eyepiece. Right, view through the eyepiece. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Salinity is expressed as optical density on the left scale and parts per thousand (ppt) on the right.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Salinity in marinas on monitoring trips during summers of 2011-2012 ranged from 32-35 ppt in Provincetown and 30-34 pp in Wellfleet. These readings are not unexpected since the outer Cape Cod is continually replenished by currents in the Gulf of Maine and by high tides that penetrate up into streams. The Cape also has a limited supply of fresh water from run-off and streams in comparison to Boston Harbor (Wellfleet Marina is at the mouth of a small stream, Duck Creek, and several streams empty into other areas of the harbor). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Salinity in the Outer Cape</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QHmw5dgv2Rw/UIhGKggOBvI/AAAAAAAABE0/rhpuplhApl8/s1600/1-s2_0-S0278434307001744-gr4+v3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QHmw5dgv2Rw/UIhGKggOBvI/AAAAAAAABE0/rhpuplhApl8/s1600/1-s2_0-S0278434307001744-gr4+v3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>LINKS:</strong></span></span><br />
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Holmes-Farley, R. Refractometers and Salinity Measurement: <a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-12/rhf/index.php" target="_blank">Reefkeeping: An online magazine for the marine aquarist.</a> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractometer">Wiki Refractometer</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Salinity-Refractometer-Aquarium-Seawater-Scale/dp/B005ES6MOQ/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1351279952&sr=8-1&keywords=refractometer+saltwater" style="font-family: Arial;" target="_blank">Seawater Refractometer Model I</a>, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Vee-Gee-Scientific-STX-3-Refractometer/dp/B004WDW70M/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&qid=1351213205&sr=8-6&keywords=refractometer+saltwater" style="font-family: Arial;" target="_blank">Model II</a>, <a href="http://www.theaquariumsolution.com/seawater-refractometer" style="font-family: Arial;" target="_blank">Model III</a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://www.theaquariumsolution.com/files/SEAWATER%20REFRACTOMETER%20V2.pdf" style="font-family: Arial;" target="_blank">ATC Natural Seawater Refractometer</a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span>Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-14764286992393777142012-09-30T13:31:00.000-04:002012-10-08T13:31:52.969-04:00Identifying The Vase Tunicate<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Yellow Siphon Rings of <em>Ciona intestinalis</em></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">The Gulf of Maine is home to several solitary ascidians with gelatinous bodies and translucent tunics. These species may be difficult to distinguish from each other when individuals are very young, in masses of mature individuals growing in social groups, or when morphology is masked by overgrowth of colonial ascidians such as <em>Didemnum vexillum</em> or <em>Diplosoma listerianum</em>. In Provincetown, the cryptogenic <em>Ciona intestinalis</em> and native <em>Molgula sp. (probably manhattensis) </em>are very common, whereas the invasive <em>Ascidiella aspersa,</em> which is common in other marinas along the coast, is less frequently seen. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><em>Ciona</em> is best distinguished from <em>Ascidiella</em> and <em>Molgula</em> by its elongate, vase shape which is less prominent in small individuals, and it's lemon yellow siphon rings which are visible even when young. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">The siphon rings are also crowned with 8 orange pigment organs that are more subtle but can be discerned by close examination. When the siphons close, muscles contract the rings and bring the pigment organs closer together at the bases of notches in the contracted opening.</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;">The pigment organs have an ocellus-like structure and probably function in light detection, although there must be additional receptors to detect light because individuals who have the siphons removed still grow towards the light.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Yellow Siphon Rings of <em>Ciona intestinalis</em></strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JGORRpD8n14/UFI03rwQE3I/AAAAAAAAAvo/RaUi3gP2b4A/s1600/Vase+species_gallery15+v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JGORRpD8n14/UFI03rwQE3I/AAAAAAAAAvo/RaUi3gP2b4A/s320/Vase+species_gallery15+v2.jpg" width="221" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Yellow Siphon Rings of <a href="http://www.ascidians.com/families/cionidae/Ciona_intestinalis/OOScionaintest.jpg" target="_blank"><em>Ciona intestinalis</em></a><em>. </em>From Adrian Gittenberger's Dutch Ascidians Homepage (<a href="http://www.ascidians.com/">www.ascidians.com</a>).</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial;">Orange Oral Pigment Organs and Yellow Siphon Rings of <em>Ciona</em></span></strong><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OvmIAS-kDlU/UFI3fXoEzPI/AAAAAAAAAwM/YQJ0gVj7M90/s1600/3645879037_43aa8bfebb_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OvmIAS-kDlU/UFI3fXoEzPI/AAAAAAAAAwM/YQJ0gVj7M90/s320/3645879037_43aa8bfebb_z.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Eight orange pigment organs are seen on these individuals and can be easily distinguished when the images are enlarged. (The <em>Ciona</em> look like they are wearing jackets of <em>Didemnum vexillum)</em>. <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/arne/3645879037/" target="_blank">Photo by Arne Kuilman.</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span><strong><span style="font-family: Arial;">Orange Oral Pigment Organs </span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QpsPpM7Gka4/UFI3i8G7wII/AAAAAAAAAwU/EO67NtDFt_I/s1600/3337117609_63f87d8cfc_t.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QpsPpM7Gka4/UFI3i8G7wII/AAAAAAAAAwU/EO67NtDFt_I/s1600/3337117609_63f87d8cfc_t.jpg" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Partially closed siphons with orange </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pigment organs brought </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">closer together </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">at notches of the contracted opening.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">During the process of researching images and information on the siphon rings, I came across a 2010 paper on the structure and regeneration of the siphons that was particularly interesting,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> filled with beautiful color photographs of the yellow rings and orange pigment organs, and available open access on the internet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Auger, H, Y Sasakura, JS Joly, WR Jeffery. </strong></span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160609014651" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Regeneration of oral siphon pigment organs in the ascidian <em>Ciona intestinalis</em>.</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong> Develop.</strong> <strong>Biol. 339: 374-389, 2010 (Elsevier).</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Auger and his research team </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">examined oral <span class="hit">siphon </span><span class="hit">regeneration </span>after surgical removal in <em><span class="hit">Ciona</span> intestinalis</em>. After removal, the oral <span class="hit">siphon</span> rapidly reformed (orange) oral pigment organs (OPO) at its distal </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">margin prior to slower <span class="hit">regeneration</span> of proximal <span class="hit">siphon</span> parts. The pattern of 8 OPOs and <span class="hit">siphon</span> lobes was restored with fidelity after dissecting only the end of the <span class="hit">siphon</span>, but as many as 16 OPOs and lobes could be reformed after dissection at the base of the siphon (complete removal). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The oral pigment organs, siphon lobes, and yellow pigment bands were the first structures to regenerate. The yellow pigment bands formed as extensions of the pigment organs, which grew together along the edge of the siphons. The rest of the siphon grew outward after the orange oral pigment organs and yellow pigment bands were formed. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They concluded that the pattern of oral pigment organ <span class="hit">regeneration</span> is determined by cues positioned along the longitudinal axis of the oral <span class="hit">siphon.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong> Anatomy and Histology of the Oral Pigment Band (PB) and Organ (OPO)</strong></span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M4A1mO3Urs8/UGd4m6dDb8I/AAAAAAAAA1g/mGcZ3_Cs_Zk/s1600/Auger+Fig+1A-E+v2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M4A1mO3Urs8/UGd4m6dDb8I/AAAAAAAAA1g/mGcZ3_Cs_Zk/s400/Auger+Fig+1A-E+v2.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160609014651#gr1" target="_blank">Morphology of the oral siphon.</a> A, the tunic was removed and the pigment cells and muscles are clearly visible. B, higher magnicaiton of yellow and orange cells. D-E, the ocellus-like organs consist of receptor epithelials cells and an underlying cup-shaped aggregation of organge pigment cells. OS, oral siphon; AS, atrial siphon; OPO, oral pigment organ; PB, (yellow) pigment band; RC, receptor </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cells; PC, pigment cells. </span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PUBLICATIONS</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hecht, S. </span><a href="http://jgp.rupress.org/content/1/2/147.full.pdf+html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The photo sensitivity of <em>Ciona intestinalis</em></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> J. Gen. Physiol. 1: 147-166, 1918. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sutton, MF. <a href="http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1558/01/The_regeneration_of_the_siphons_of_Ciona_intestinalis_L..pdf" target="_blank">The regeneration of the siphons of <em>Ciona intestinalis</em>.</a> J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 32: 249-268, 1953.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Dilly, PN, and JJ Wolken. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0047720672900039" target="_blank">Studies on the receptors in <em>Ciona intestinalis</em>.</a> IV. The ocellus in the adult. Micron, 4: 11-29, 1973. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Chiba, S, A Sasaki, A Nakayama, K Takamura, N Satoh</span>. <a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.2108/zsj.21.285" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Development of <em>Ciona intestinalis</em> juveniles (Through 2nd Ascidian Stage</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">).</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Zool. Sci. 21: 285-298, 2004. </span></div>
Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-15551361602851320452012-08-31T17:53:00.001-04:002012-08-31T17:53:44.313-04:00The Gulf of Maine<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Created by the Glaciers - Regulated by its Currents</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Gulf of Maine is a large body of water in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Sable, Nova Scotia. Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts Bay, and the Bay of Fundy are all included within the Gulf. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">The underwater features of the seabed were sculptured during the last ice ages 25,000 years ago when sea levels were lower. Glaciers scoured the earth and deposited rocks and rubble creating the current Northeast American landmass and several underwater banks (Georges, Browns, Jeffreys, and Stellwagen). The Gulf is a semi-enclosed sea bounded to the south by Georges Bank and to the east by Browns Bank. The coastline north of Boston is predominantly rocky due to the effects of glaciation, which stripped sedimentary soil away. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Georges and Browns Banks separate the Gulf from the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream. Gulf of Maine waters are more strongly influenced by the Nova Scotia and Labrador Currents, making the Gulf waters significantly colder and more nutrient-rich than those found to the south. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Bottom Topography of the Gulf of Maine</strong></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OgO5dkeuR_w/T8-9IizJwRI/AAAAAAAAAkU/cowMuafUGi8/s1600/webmap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="264" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OgO5dkeuR_w/T8-9IizJwRI/AAAAAAAAAkU/cowMuafUGi8/s320/webmap.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bottom Topography of the <a href="http://www.nurc.uconn.edu/coml/images/maps/webmap.jpg" target="_blank">Gulf of Maine</a>. The outer banks enclose several basins and shallow banks that were formed during the advance and retreat of the glaciers. The Stellwagen Bank is probably an underwater extension of Cape Cod, is the site of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, and is famous for whale watching.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Temperatures in the West Atlantic showing effect of the Gulf Stream</strong></span></span><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hyQgwIT4z6M/T_HMvUqHPcI/AAAAAAAAAmM/kZGMSx2un-c/s1600/Golfstrom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hyQgwIT4z6M/T_HMvUqHPcI/AAAAAAAAAmM/kZGMSx2un-c/s320/Golfstrom.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong></strong></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> The <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Golfstrom.jpg/300px-Golfstrom.jpg" target="_blank">Gulf Stream</a> brings warm water from the Caribbean north (red) along the Florida Coast and moves off the coast at Cape Hatteras. In the summer, eddies and meanders from the Gulf Stream bring warm waters to the mid-Atlantic States and Long Island. The Labrador Current brings cold water south from Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Maine. Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays form a transitional region between colder waters to the north and warmer waters from the Gulf Stream.</span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sea Surface Temperatures Along the North American Coast </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kTeInzhmRUw/UD6A0TWaHMI/AAAAAAAAAug/2yRoeJXtmEI/s1600/Figure4-MONTH_02-SST.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kTeInzhmRUw/UD6A0TWaHMI/AAAAAAAAAug/2yRoeJXtmEI/s200/Figure4-MONTH_02-SST.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WpsAtIiM1nY/UC5qEtik1kI/AAAAAAAAAqU/7ggep56AIWo/s1600/Figure4-MONTH_08-SST.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WpsAtIiM1nY/UC5qEtik1kI/AAAAAAAAAqU/7ggep56AIWo/s200/Figure4-MONTH_08-SST.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/ecosys/ecology/Oceanography/" target="_blank">Winter and Summer sea surface temperatures</a> along the mid-Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Maine. In the winter, the Labrador Current pushes the warm waters from the Gulf Stream south and away from the Northeast coast. In the summer, warm waters move north towards the Mid-Atlantic States, but the Gulf of Maine remains cooler due to water flowing south from Nova Scotia into the Gulf.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Currents in the Gulf of Maine</strong> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EbgjTEuCGag/UD4vrjt1b2I/AAAAAAAAAtI/fmxo8vcPcd8/s1600/fig4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EbgjTEuCGag/UD4vrjt1b2I/AAAAAAAAAtI/fmxo8vcPcd8/s320/fig4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Within the <a href="http://www.gulfofmaine-census.org/wp-content/images/circulation/fig4.jpg" target="_blank">Gulf, circulation</a> is strongly influenced by the Nova Scotia Current which brings nutrient-rich waters through the Northeast Channel<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. This current helps drive the primarily counterclockwise circulation of the Gulf which brings cooler water from Maine to Massachusetts. The main currents circulate around the basins, allowing shallow waters along the coast and in Cape Cod Bay to warm up during the summer. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The currents are also influenced by fluctuations in river outflow, often enhanced during spring runoff, and by huge tides (over 10 feet in Provincetown). Tidal variation increases in a northeast direction along the coastsline reaching a maximum in the Bay of Fundy with variations over 50 feet.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Representative Salinity Levels in Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays</strong></span><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hMOrcCdVt0I/UC5sa0MrM0I/AAAAAAAAAqs/5DFswRCpAG0/s1600/1-s2_0-S0278434307001744-gr4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hMOrcCdVt0I/UC5sa0MrM0I/AAAAAAAAAqs/5DFswRCpAG0/s400/1-s2_0-S0278434307001744-gr4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://ars.sciencedirect.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0278434307001744-gr4.jpg" target="_blank">Salinity in the Gulf of <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Maine</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Five-day averaged surface salinity (color) and currents (cm s<span style="font-size: small;"><sup>−1</sup>)<!--Comment--></span> (arrows)</span> during spring blood periods in 1998 and 2000. Units given in parts per thousand. Fresh water from rivers on the northeast MA coastline north of Cape Ann (upper dark blue area) and in Boston Harbor (lower dark blue area) reduce salinity levels at the source and locations south of the rivers (because of water currents in the Gulf of Maine, see above). The outer Cape, including Provincetown, are less affected by rivers because the watershed is limited and large tidal variations recirculate sea water in the marinas.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>River Systems in Boston Harbor and Coastline North of Cape Ann</strong></span> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nq_K88MULwE/UDgRB_doyaI/AAAAAAAAAsc/a9kfObNsQRQ/s1600/451px-Merrimackrivermap.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nq_K88MULwE/UDgRB_doyaI/AAAAAAAAAsc/a9kfObNsQRQ/s200/451px-Merrimackrivermap.png" width="150" /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aTr4AmQU3mM/UDgRIY65jMI/AAAAAAAAAsk/Z9ZOI0LbigE/s1600/600px-Charlesrivermap.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aTr4AmQU3mM/UDgRIY65jMI/AAAAAAAAAsk/Z9ZOI0LbigE/s200/600px-Charlesrivermap.png" width="200" /></a></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Left, North of Cape Ann, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merrimackrivermap.png" target="_blank">Merrimack River</a> empties directly on the Coast. The Parker and Ipswich Rivers empty into Plum Island Sound whereas the Essex River drains into Essex Bay. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Right, in <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Charlesrivermap.png" target="_blank">Boston Harbor</a>, the Charles and Mystic Rivers empty into the north harbor, the Neponset River joins the mid-harbor at Quincy, and in the south harbor, the </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Weymouth Fore and Back Rivers empty into Hingham Harbor. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>LINKS:</strong></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.gulfofmaine-census.org/about-the-gulf/oceanography/circulation/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">GOMA - Gulf of Maine Area: Oceanography/Circulation.</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/ecosys/ecology/Oceanography/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ecology of the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf: Oceanography</span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.necwa.org/gulf-maine.html" target="_blank">New England Coastal Wildlife Alliance: The Gulf of Maine</a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="http://stellwagen.noaa.gov/about/location.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Stellwagen</span> Bank National Marine Sanctuary</span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278434307001744" target="_blank">Jiang, M., Z. Meng, S. Libby, and C.D. Hunt. Influences of the Gulf of Maine intrusion on the Massachusetts Bay spring bloom: A comparison between 1998 and 2000. Continental Shelf Research. 27: 2465–2485, 2007.</a></span> </div>Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-55555105712850365412012-07-31T20:29:00.044-04:002012-08-03T16:53:37.219-04:00Coast Watch 2012<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Marine Invasives Overview</span><br />
<div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It's a new summer season in New England and the CZM launched its Marine Invasive Species Program for 2012. This summer, I'll be working with the Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies monitoring marinas in Provincetown and Wellfleet. There are no new species classified as invasvie this year. The collection of </span><a href="http://www.mass.gov/czm/invasives/monitor/id.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MIMIC ID Cards</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> gives detailed descriptions of the 16 marine invasive species and the 7 potentially new species that have not yet reached the New England coast. Guidelines are listed for distinguishing MIS species from related native species. </span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MIMIC ID Cards for MIS Species (16 ID cards)</span> </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-or-eixOMoWA/UBRiu6XpRRI/AAAAAAAAAo4/mokjDNIbaLY/s1600/MIS+Species+2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-or-eixOMoWA/UBRiu6XpRRI/AAAAAAAAAo4/mokjDNIbaLY/s320/MIS+Species+2012.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><strong class="blue11"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MIMIC ID Cards for Potential Invasives whose geographic ranges are spreading (7 ID cards) </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MHoO1RHcVO4/UBRjA-tItNI/AAAAAAAAApE/ql0_CoZpl7g/s1600/Potential+MIS+Species+2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MHoO1RHcVO4/UBRjA-tItNI/AAAAAAAAApE/ql0_CoZpl7g/s320/Potential+MIS+Species+2012.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Recently, I was searching the internet for information on invasive species and I came across several Wikipedia listings that described some of the issues around terminology for invasive species. They contrasted the terms</span> "invasive, introduced, immigrant, naturalized, exotic, alien, foreign, non-native, and non-indigenous". For example, "invasive" and "alien" have unintended negative connotations that may not apply to all species, and "exotic" is also used for rare or unusual pets. Many native and formerly invasive species are also "fouling" organisms that have spread beyond their native habitat (usually because of human activities). Many invasives are simply in the process of geographic range enlargement or globalization because of new opportunities created by humans. Marinas help facilitate the spread of MIS, especially for species that prefer quiet waters, because they are so numerous along the coasts of many countries. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">At some point in time, the invasive species will most likely reach an equilibrium and at some point may be considered established. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Here is this year's list of species featuring <span style="font-family: Arial;">images from recent web searches, a few of my own micrographs, and my impressions of the species from last season's monitoring:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ascidians:</span></div><ul><li><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://convoluta.ucdavis.edu/albums/West_Coast_Tunicates/Didemnum_vexillum1.sized.jpg" target="_blank">Didemnum vexillum</a></em> (beige colonial tunicate). This species aggressively grows over everything - any flat surface including docks, solitary ascidians, mussels, algae blades. Have I forgotten anything? If so, include it too.</span></span></div></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bSICyHRERMg/T_Su6-XFc5I/AAAAAAAAAmY/ghdd4-sgLZk/s1600/Didemnum_vexillum1_sized.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bSICyHRERMg/T_Su6-XFc5I/AAAAAAAAAmY/ghdd4-sgLZk/s200/Didemnum_vexillum1_sized.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></span> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><ul><li><div align="center" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://photos.onderwaterwereld.org/D-listerianum080203-G725.jpg" target="_blank">Diplosoma listerianum</a></em> (grey/green colonial tunicate) - <em>Diplosoma</em> is also a rapid grower and shows seasonal and regional variability with <em>Didemnum</em>. It is also a member of the Didemnidae family but lacks spicules. It is distinguished by its smooth, slimy texture - like the body of an anemone, but it grows in a flat sheet.</span></div></li>
</ul></span><div align="center"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2rdqzugOwn8/T_S3eeFkGMI/AAAAAAAAAnM/F40iUGfXd7o/s1600/D-listerianum080203-G725.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2rdqzugOwn8/T_S3eeFkGMI/AAAAAAAAAnM/F40iUGfXd7o/s200/D-listerianum080203-G725.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/o_ascasp4.jpg" target="_blank">Ascidiella aspersa</a></em> (translucent solitary tunicate) - The translucent, bumpy solitary ascidian. Distinct from <em>Ciona</em>, another related species, and </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">distinguished by its placement of siphons, which are far apart. <em>Ascidiella </em>and <em>Ciona</em> can easily to distinguished from <em>Molgula</em> by the internal organs which can be seen through the tunic in young specimens. </span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dCsgaB6y384/T_HLioAd7QI/AAAAAAAAAmA/4gzP3-MFmfM/s1600/o_ascasp4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dCsgaB6y384/T_HLioAd7QI/AAAAAAAAAmA/4gzP3-MFmfM/s200/o_ascasp4.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><ul><li><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://www.pnwscuba.com/invasives/photos/styela3.jpg" target="_blank">Styela clava</a></em> (club solitary tunicate) - Very common but can be missed when small and large individuals are frequently covered by <em>Didemnum</em> with only the brown <em>Styela</em> siphons sticking out.</span></div></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-71Q9tnh8f90/T_S19BGKleI/AAAAAAAAAnE/wVHQiGsX51s/s1600/styela3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-71Q9tnh8f90/T_S19BGKleI/AAAAAAAAAnE/wVHQiGsX51s/s200/styela3.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://www.tunicarium.com/Botryllus.html" target="_blank">Botryllus schlosseri</a></em> (star colonial tunicate) - Probably the most commonly studied adult ascidian as a model for colonial growth and tissue rejection. Numerous color and pattern variants.</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fE1axrliNss/T_Sv5wt3SDI/AAAAAAAAAmg/w8FgpC67dBU/s1600/untitled014++Botryllus+schlosseri+white+band+star+on+Codium+0.7X+zoom+25%25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fE1axrliNss/T_Sv5wt3SDI/AAAAAAAAAmg/w8FgpC67dBU/s200/untitled014++Botryllus+schlosseri+white+band+star+on+Codium+0.7X+zoom+25%25.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://www.tunicarium.com/Botrylloides.html" target="_blank">Botrylloides violaceus</a></em> (orange colonial tunicate) - One of the most beautiful invaders/foulers. Comes in many different shades of red/orange/peach. Not as aggressive as the <em>Didemnid</em> colonials. </span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jdyCYWldLLA/T_SwesRQbOI/AAAAAAAAAmo/JYcR_C8mqQI/s1600/untitled006+B+viol+orange+25+%25+1X+4-stars.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jdyCYWldLLA/T_SwesRQbOI/AAAAAAAAAmo/JYcR_C8mqQI/s200/untitled006+B+viol+orange+25+%25+1X+4-stars.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bryozoa:</span></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2012_02_01_archive.html" target="_blank">Membranipora membranacea</a></em> (lacy encrusting bryozoan, posted Feb 12, 2012) - common on any flat, sturdy surface. Co-exists with the native encrusting bryozoan. Helpful to have a 30X magnifier. </span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vLAtkiMMM7U/T_SxiIZWTLI/AAAAAAAAAmw/W3ojLebeico/s1600/untitled013+Membranipora+membranacea+50+pct+1X+zoom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vLAtkiMMM7U/T_SxiIZWTLI/AAAAAAAAAmw/W3ojLebeico/s200/untitled013+Membranipora+membranacea+50+pct+1X+zoom.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><ul><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://farm2.staticflickr.com/1042/1460265715_4401236296_z.jpg" target="_blank">Bugula neritina</a></em> (purple bushy bryozo</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">an) - Similar to red algae in growth form but calcareous and distinctly different in structure. Individual zooids may be discerned with a 30x magnifier. </span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MZ0ZL0QP3jY/T-Tc7kTZ-aI/AAAAAAAAAk4/QCdidsXaeD8/s1600/5-25-2012+2-09-16+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="155" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MZ0ZL0QP3jY/T-Tc7kTZ-aI/AAAAAAAAAk4/QCdidsXaeD8/s200/5-25-2012+2-09-16+PM.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Anemones:</span></div><ul><li><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><em><a href="http://seapeachbio.blogspot.com/2011/12/striped-anemone-at-wellfleet-marina.html" target="_blank">Diadumene lineata</a></em> (orange striped anemone, posted Dec 22, 2011) - seen in the "murky" waters of Wellfleet but not in the "sparkling" waters of Provincetown. They're tiny gems. </span></span></div></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CcF7PVqJQkE/UBZz8nv68gI/AAAAAAAAApk/MlEYJjZeQZE/s1600/untitled027+Diadumene+lineata+Wellfleet+2X+zoom+072811.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CcF7PVqJQkE/UBZz8nv68gI/AAAAAAAAApk/MlEYJjZeQZE/s200/untitled027+Diadumene+lineata+Wellfleet+2X+zoom+072811.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bivalves:</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/images/marine_bivalves/bivalve_ostrea_edulis_common_oyster_fal_28-10-10_1.jpg" target="_blank">Ostrae edulis</a></em> (European</span> oyster) - Not likely to be seen on docks.</span></span></li>
</ul><div align="center"> <a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ePCwSJmZqVE/T_cmfysrXtI/AAAAAAAAAoA/9cmnOzheEMQ/s1600/bivalve_ostrea_edulis_common_oyster_fal_28-10-10_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ePCwSJmZqVE/T_cmfysrXtI/AAAAAAAAAoA/9cmnOzheEMQ/s200/bivalve_ostrea_edulis_common_oyster_fal_28-10-10_1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Crustacea:</span></div><ul><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://mislab.org/files/GreenCrab.jpg" target="_blank">Carcinus maenus</a></em> (green crab) - Vary in size on docks - usually smaller than the size of a quarter. It is distinguished from the Asian crab by its color, shape of the carapace, and solid coloring on its legs. </span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1jr8FYsx8Rs/T_cgWtYq4JI/AAAAAAAAAn0/vEGwWwqKWKk/s1600/GreenCrab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="128" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1jr8FYsx8Rs/T_cgWtYq4JI/AAAAAAAAAn0/vEGwWwqKWKk/s200/GreenCrab.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><ul><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2617/4146625933_dddd8aa731_z.jpg" target="_blank">Hemigrapsus sanguineus</a></em> (asian shore crab) - Easily identified by its striped legs and body.</span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RpoOGxk1u3E/T-TeBDiDD-I/AAAAAAAAAlI/EUrmSHfB-Bo/s1600/4146625933_dddd8aa731_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="124" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RpoOGxk1u3E/T-TeBDiDD-I/AAAAAAAAAlI/EUrmSHfB-Bo/s200/4146625933_dddd8aa731_z.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><em><a href="http://www.biopix.nl/Temp/JCS%20Palaemon%20elegans%2035063.jpg" target="_blank">Palaemon elegans</a></em> (European rock shrimp) - Present in Salem Sound. Difficult to distinguish from native shrimp, especially when small before the blue bands on its legs and body fully develop. Best to confer with the crustacean or MIMIC experts.</span></span></li>
</ul><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YU7iSNXHxzI/T-jMORRbjFI/AAAAAAAAAl0/Rho1H0LFFvU/s200/JCS%2520Palaemon%2520elegans%252035063.jpg" width="200" /></div></span><div align="center"></div><ul><li><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://www.qc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/publications/envahissant-invasive/images/large/caprelle_eng.jpg" target="_blank">Caprella mutica</a></em> (Caprellid amphipod a.k.a. skeleton shrimp) - Very common living on algae and bryozoa. These small amphipods look and act like miniature preying mantis. They hold tight to surfaces and do not "swim around" like typical amphipods and shrimp. Not very compatible with fine nets where they need to be hand-picked off. </span></div></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9eEwbUHWRNU/T-Tfcz9jrYI/AAAAAAAAAlQ/wqocf98_gPU/s1600/caprelle_eng.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9eEwbUHWRNU/T-Tfcz9jrYI/AAAAAAAAAlQ/wqocf98_gPU/s320/caprelle_eng.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Algae: </span></div><ul><li><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://seaweed.ucg.ie/_images/Codfratom2.jpg" target="_blank">Codium fragile</a></em> (green fleece) - Common in mid-late summer along dock water lines where they grow in masses. Characterized by <a href="http://www.cryptogamicbotanycompany.com/images/oa_chloro/Codium_fragile_01_07_01_A_633x550.jpg" target="_blank">branching growth pattern</a> (right).</span></div></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RfLf8A0IMUI/T-TgbiWuGTI/AAAAAAAAAlY/55G2C1zUwu0/s1600/Codfratom2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RfLf8A0IMUI/T-TgbiWuGTI/AAAAAAAAAlY/55G2C1zUwu0/s200/Codfratom2.jpg" width="200" /></a> <a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ejvCHP8jGto/T-Tgor96UtI/AAAAAAAAAlg/Anx4IRB8uTA/s1600/Codium_fragile_01_07_01_A_633x550.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="173" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ejvCHP8jGto/T-Tgor96UtI/AAAAAAAAAlg/Anx4IRB8uTA/s200/Codium_fragile_01_07_01_A_633x550.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><ul><li><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><em><a href="http://www.ifremer.fr/lerlr/images/algues_exotiques/algues_rouges/Grateloupia_turuturu.jpg" target="_blank">Grateloupia turuturu</a></em> (leafy red algae) - Arrives late season in the Gulf of Maine due to cold temperatures. </span></span></div></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-llPRfzsQR2U/T-jKKu8JVbI/AAAAAAAAAls/9xPudIA5o_A/s1600/Grateloupia_turuturu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="141" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-llPRfzsQR2U/T-jKKu8JVbI/AAAAAAAAAls/9xPudIA5o_A/s200/Grateloupia_turuturu.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Links:</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.cascobay.usm.maine.edu/pdfs/rapid_assessment_report%202010.pdf" target="_blank">Pappal, A, Pederson, J, and Smith JP. Marine Invaders in the Northeast. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Rapid Assessment Survey of Non-native and Native Marine Species of Floating Dock Communities.</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.marbef.org/wiki/Non-native_species_invasions" target="_blank">Non-Native Species Invasions, Marine Biodiversity Wiki</a></span><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_biology_terminology" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Invasion Biology Terminology, Wikipedia</span></a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Invasive Species, Wikipedia</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #c27ba0; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species" target="_blank">Introduced Species, Wikipedia</a></span>Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5759291027273102889.post-19946021749665236652012-06-30T17:10:00.011-04:002012-07-03T12:57:51.781-04:00Ascidian Filter Feeding Mechanism<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><em>Styela clava </em>as the model</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ascidians are suspension feeder </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">that filter food particles such as phytoplankton from the surrounding sea water. </span> They transport water through the branchial sac (pharynx) which is perforated with small, ciliated slits, the stigmata. The ciliary tracts on each side of the stigmata create a water current that pulls water through the branchial siphon into the branchial sac, through the stigmata, and into the atrial cavity from which the water leaves the body as a stream through the atrial siphon. When the water is transported across the branchial wall, suspended particles are trapped on a mucous net that is created by the endostyle, a mucus secreting structure on the ventral wall. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #545454;"><span style="color: #545454;"><span style="color: #545454;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Diagram of the Ascidan Filter Feeding Process</strong> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="320" src="http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/oceanus/2005/4/v44n1-carman4n_8846.jpg" width="176" /></div></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Diagram of the ascidian filter-feeding process. <a href="http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=11435&tid=282&cid=3940" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">From Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Website, 2005</span></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The feeding mechanism is similar in different ascidians regardless of the complexity of the structures. <em>Styela clava</em> belongs to a group of solitary ascidians with a structurally complex branchial sac that is folded. The folding increases the internal surface area, thereby increasing the number of stigmata and filtration capacity. A mucus secreting organ on the vental surface, the endostyle, secretes a mucus net that moves across the surface of the sac by cilia on the pharyngeal bars. The mucus net with its retained food particles then moves toward the </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">esophagus. Thus, the amount of food consumed is determined by the concentration of food particles in the sea water, the efficiency of particle retention, and the volume of water transported. At a structural level, the endostyle is a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall and is composed of 8 different types of cells, a single band at the base of the groove with very long cilia that extend toward the surface of the groove and 7 pairs of bands on each side of the endostyle wall. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div align="center"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Diagram of the Branchial Sac of <em>S. clava</em> in Relation to the Digestive Tract</strong> </span><br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MbWh4f1sKkc/T5QwTnrFSuI/AAAAAAAAAgw/UZHcrOGjW3I/s1600/Styela+clava+GI+Tract+2+cropped+060611+Tunicarium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MbWh4f1sKkc/T5QwTnrFSuI/AAAAAAAAAgw/UZHcrOGjW3I/s320/Styela+clava+GI+Tract+2+cropped+060611+Tunicarium.jpg" width="197" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> The digestive tract of <em>Styela clava</em> from the left side with the internal surface of the branchial sac exposed. bs, branchial siphon; bt, branchial tentancles; en, endostyle; bb, branchial bar; s, stigmata; i, intestine; as, atrial siphon; dt, dorsal tubercle; r, rectum; dl, dorsal lamina; es, esophagus; rb, retropharyngeal band; st, stomach.</span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial;">Cross Section through the Branchial Sac of <em>Styela clava</em></span></strong></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BvuZJGMrpuE/T4G5mCwt-7I/AAAAAAAAAfI/VwpWGK3RANE/s1600/Styela+clava+Endostyle+2+Diagram+Ermak+1975_0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BvuZJGMrpuE/T4G5mCwt-7I/AAAAAAAAAfI/VwpWGK3RANE/s400/Styela+clava+Endostyle+2+Diagram+Ermak+1975_0001.jpg" width="317" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Section passes through the tranverse bars and not the stigmata. The endostyle is located on the ventral surface. Mucus and entrapped food pass along the ciliated branchial bars towards the dorsal lamina and then towards the esophagus. bf, branchial folds; d, dorsal lamina; en, endostyle; lb, longitudinal bars; sv, subendostyle vessel. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>View of the Internal Surface of the Branchial Basket of <em>Styela clava</em></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><em><img alt="" height="274" src="http://www.tunicarium.com/Styela_Branchial_Basket_enlargedIMG_0001_Tunicarium.jpg" width="320" /></em></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">Internal surface of the branchial basket of <em>Styela clava</em> by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showing branchial fold (left 1/3 of image) and direct view of rows of stigmata, major and minor trasverse folds, and longitudinal folds.<br />
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<strong>Internal View of 3 Stigmata in the Branchial Sac of <em>Styela clava</em></strong></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong></strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"><em> <img alt="" height="274" src="http://www.tunicarium.com/IMG_Styela_ciliated_stigmata_Tunicarium.jpg" width="320" /></em></span></div><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><div style="text-align: center;">Internal surface of the branchial sac of <em>Styela clava</em> by SEM showing 3 stigmata, a major transverse fold at the lower left and a minor transverse fold at the upper right. Densely packed cilia are uniform in length. <br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Section through the Stigmata and a Branchial Bar of <em>Styela clava</em></strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2CZAuBkk3RM/T4HC8-ZwcEI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/elCKUTxQSxA/s1600/Styela+clava+Branchail+Bar+&+Stgmata+Diagram+Ermak+1975+Thes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2CZAuBkk3RM/T4HC8-ZwcEI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/elCKUTxQSxA/s320/Styela+clava+Branchail+Bar+&+Stgmata+Diagram+Ermak+1975+Thes.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
Section through the stigmata and a branchial bar of <em>Styela clava.</em> Cilia prevent food particles from leaving the branchial cavity but allow filtered sea water to pass through. Ciliated bars transport food-containing mucus along the longitudinal and transverse bars to the dorsal lamina and thereafter to the esophagus. The cilia on the bars actually pull the mucus net forward, whereas the stigmata cilia act only as filters. sb, stigmata bar, ve, ciliated ventral epithelium; ue, unciliated epithelium. <br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Histologic Section through the Stigmata of <em>Styela clava</em></strong></span><br />
<em><img alt="" height="240" src="http://www.tunicarium.com/publishImages/Styela-BB~~element55.jpg" width="320" /> </em></div><div style="text-align: center;">Semi-cross section through a group of about a dozen ciliated stigmata ending on the left at a branchial bar. The ascidian had contracted and stopped feeding, so the branchial sac is not in its normally expanded, feeding configuration. Hemotoxylin stain. <br />
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<strong>Cross section of the Endostyle of <em>Styela clava</em></strong><br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t-6L7QAwFwM/T95z8oM9SmI/AAAAAAAAAko/AMESt2FW6ow/s1600/Styela+clava+Endostyle+1+rev+6.17.12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t-6L7QAwFwM/T95z8oM9SmI/AAAAAAAAAko/AMESt2FW6ow/s320/Styela+clava+Endostyle+1+rev+6.17.12.jpg" width="235" /></a><br />
Cross-sectional diagram of the different cell types of the endostyle of <em>Styela clava.</em> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> The cells at the base of the groove have very long, flagella-like cilia. The remaining cells are paired with semi-alternating glandular and ciliated cells. </span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><strong>Histological Section of the Endostyle of <em>Styela clava</em></strong></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BnIAXZQ-P6k/T4G3J6bOzNI/AAAAAAAAAfA/2_rwalrmYKs/s1600/052011+clava+AUG+%231+Endostyle+20X+exp1+JPG+portrait+cropped+052011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BnIAXZQ-P6k/T4G3J6bOzNI/AAAAAAAAAfA/2_rwalrmYKs/s400/052011+clava+AUG+%231+Endostyle+20X+exp1+JPG+portrait+cropped+052011.jpg" width="285" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cross section through the endostyle of</span> <em>Styela clava.</em> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The long cilia in Zone 1 can be seen extending part-way up the depth of the groove. Hemotoxylin stain. </span></div></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>PUBLICATIONS:</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Armsworthy, SL, MacDonald, BA, & Ward, JE. Feeding activity, absorption efficiency and suspension feeding processes in the ascidian, <em>Halocynthia pyriformis</em> (Stolidobranchia: Ascidiacea): responses to variations in diet quantity and quality. </span></span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098101002386" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 260: 41–69, 2001.</span></a></div><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ermak, T.H. Cell proliferation in the digestive tract of <em>Styela clava</em> (Urochordata: Ascidiacea) as revealed by autoradiography with tritiated thymidine. </span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.1401940302/abstract" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">J. Exp. Zool. 194: 449-465, 1975.</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Godeaux, J.E.A. Functions of the endostyle in the tunicates. <a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1989/00000045/00000002/art00004" target="_blank">Bull. Mar. Sci. 45: 228-242, 1989.</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Holmes, N. Water transport in the ascidians <em>Styela clava</em> Herdman and <em>Ascidiella aspersa</em> (Mueller). <span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022098173900154" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0b5394;">J. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 11: 1-13, 1973.</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">MacGinitie, GE. The method of feeding of Tunicates. <a href="http://www.biolbull.org/content/77/3/443.full.pdf" target="_blank">Biol <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bull 77: 443-447, 1939.</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Petersen, J, & Svane, I. Filtration rate in seven Scandinavian ascidians: implications of the morphology of the gill sac. <span style="color: #990000;"> </span><span style="color: #990000;"><a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/43fpygdvvgmccltq/" target="_blank">Mar. Biol. 140: 397-402, 2002. </a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Petersen, JK, Mayer, S, & Knudsen, MÅ. Beat frequency of cilia in the branchial basket of the ascidian <em>Ciona intestinalis</em> in relation to temperature and algal cell concentration. </span><a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/7xlmh4t9pcwtwyhh/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Mar. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Biol. 133: 185-192, 1999.</span></span></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Riisgird, HU. The ascidian pump: properties and energy costs. <span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span><a href="http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/47/m047p129.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 47:129-134, 1988.</span></a> (Studied in <em>Styela clava</em>). </span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>WEB LINK:</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Shimek, RL. Tunicates or Sea Squirts: A Wet Link. </span><a href="http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2005-03/rs/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial;">Reefkeeping Online Magazine.</span></a>Thomas Ermakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16389376480438209833noreply@blogger.com